Optimizing School Food Supply: Integrating Environmental, Health, Economic, and Cultural Dimensions of Diet Sustainability with Linear Programming

There is great potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) from public-sector meals. This paper aimed to develop a strategy for reducing GHGE in the Swedish school food supply while ensuring nutritional adequacy, affordability, and cultural acceptability. Amounts, prices and GHGE-values f...

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Veröffentlicht in:INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019, Vol.16 (17), p.3019
Hauptverfasser: Eustachio Colombo, Patricia, Patterson, Emma, Schäfer Elinder, Liselotte, Lindroos, Anna Karin, Sonesson, Ulf, Darmon, Nicole, Parlesak, Alexandr
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container_issue 17
container_start_page 3019
container_title INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
container_volume 16
creator Eustachio Colombo, Patricia
Patterson, Emma
Schäfer Elinder, Liselotte
Lindroos, Anna Karin
Sonesson, Ulf
Darmon, Nicole
Parlesak, Alexandr
description There is great potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) from public-sector meals. This paper aimed to develop a strategy for reducing GHGE in the Swedish school food supply while ensuring nutritional adequacy, affordability, and cultural acceptability. Amounts, prices and GHGE-values for all foods and drinks supplied to three schools over one year were gathered. The amounts were optimized by linear programming. Four nutritionally adequate models were developed: Model 1 minimized GHGE while constraining the relative deviation (RD) from the observed food supply, Model 2 minimized total RD while imposing stepwise GHGE reductions, Model 3 additionally constrained RD for individual foods to an upper and lower limit, and Model 4 further controlled how pair-wise ratios of 15 food groups could deviate. Models 1 and 2 reduced GHGE by up to 95% but omitted entire food categories or increased the supply of some individual foods by more than 800% and were deemed unfeasible. Model 3 reduced GHGE by up to 60%, excluded no foods, avoided high RDs of individual foods, but resulted in large changes in food-group ratios. Model 4 limited the changes in food-group ratios but resulted in a higher number of foods deviating from the observed supply and limited the potential of reducing GHGE in one school to 20%. Cost was reduced in almost all solutions. An omnivorous, nutritionally adequate, and affordable school food supply with considerably lower GHGE is achievable with moderate changes to the observed food supply; i.e., with Models 3 and 4. Trade-offs will always have to be made between achieving GHGE reductions and preserving similarity to the current supply.
doi_str_mv 10.3390/ijerph16173019
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Model 3 reduced GHGE by up to 60%, excluded no foods, avoided high RDs of individual foods, but resulted in large changes in food-group ratios. Model 4 limited the changes in food-group ratios but resulted in a higher number of foods deviating from the observed supply and limited the potential of reducing GHGE in one school to 20%. Cost was reduced in almost all solutions. An omnivorous, nutritionally adequate, and affordable school food supply with considerably lower GHGE is achievable with moderate changes to the observed food supply; i.e., with Models 3 and 4. 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source MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; SWEPUB Freely available online; PubMed Central Open Access; MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry
subjects Agenda 2030
Anthropogenic factors
Biodiversity
Carbon dioxide
carbon footprint
Cardiovascular diseases
catering service
children
choices
Climate change
contribute
cost constraint
Costs and Cost Analysis
Cultural factors
Culture
Diabetes mellitus
Diet
Emissions
Energy
energy density
Energy Intake
Environmental & Occupational
environmental health
Environmental Sciences & Ecology
Food
Food and Nutrition
Food processing
Food supply
Food Supply - economics
Food waste
Greenhouse effect
Greenhouse Effect - prevention & control
greenhouse gas emissions
Greenhouse Gases
Health
high nutritional quality
Human influences
Humans
impact
Legumes
Life Sciences
Linear programming
Meals
meat
Models, Theoretical
Morbidity
Nutrient content
nutrition
Nutrition and Dietetics
Nutrition Policy - economics
Näringslära
Plant-based foods
Programming, Linear
Public
Santé publique et épidémiologie
school meals
Schools
Schools - economics
self-selected diets
Sustainability
Sustainable development
Sustainable food system
Sweden
system analysis
Urbanization
vegetarian
title Optimizing School Food Supply: Integrating Environmental, Health, Economic, and Cultural Dimensions of Diet Sustainability with Linear Programming
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