Cognitive and brain development is independently influenced by socioeconomic status and polygenic scores for educational attainment
Genetic factors and socioeconomic status (SES) inequalities play a large role in educational attainment, and both have been associated with variations in brain structure and cognition. However, genetics and SES are correlated, and no prior study has assessed their neural associations independently....
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS 2020-06, Vol.117 (22), p.12411-12418 |
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| container_title | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS |
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| creator | Judd, Nicholas Sauce, Bruno Wiedenhoeft, John Tromp, Jeshua Chaarani, Bader Schliep, Alexander van Noort, Betteke Penttilä, Jani Grimmer, Yvonne Insensee, Corinna Becker, Andreas Banaschewski, Tobias Bokde, Arun L. W. Quinlan, Erin Burke Desrivières, Sylvane Flor, Herta Grigis, Antoine Gowland, Penny Heinz, Andreas Ittermann, Bernd Martinot, Jean-Luc Martinot, Marie-Laure Paillère Artiges, Eric Nees, Frauke Orfanos, Dimitri Papadopoulos Paus, Tomáš Poustka, Luise Hohmann, Sarah Millenet, Sabina Fröhner, Juliane H. Smolkaa, Michael N. Walter, Henrik Whelanc, Robert Schuman, Gunter Garavan, Hugh Klingberg, Torkel |
| description | Genetic factors and socioeconomic status (SES) inequalities play a large role in educational attainment, and both have been associated with variations in brain structure and cognition. However, genetics and SES are correlated, and no prior study has assessed their neural associations independently. Here we used a polygenic score for educational attainment (EduYears-PGS), as well as SES, in a longitudinal study of 551 adolescents to tease apart genetic and environmental associations with brain development and cognition. Subjects received a structural MRI scan at ages 14 and 19. At both time points, they performed three working memory (WM) tasks. SES and EduYears-PGS were correlated (r = 0.27) and had both common and independent associations with brain structure and cognition. Specifically, lower SES was related to less total cortical surface area and lower WM. EduYears-PGS was also related to total cortical surface area, but in addition had a regional association with surface area in the right parietal lobe, a region related to nonverbal cognitive functions, including mathematics, spatial cognition, and WM. SES, but not EduYears-PGS, was related to a change in total cortical surface area from age 14 to 19. This study demonstrates a regional association of EduYears-PGS and the independent prediction of SES with cognitive function and brain development. It suggests that the SES inequalities, in particular parental education, are related to global aspects of cortical development, and exert a persistent influence on brain development during adolescence. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1073/pnas.2001228117 |
| format | Article |
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W. ; Quinlan, Erin Burke ; Desrivières, Sylvane ; Flor, Herta ; Grigis, Antoine ; Gowland, Penny ; Heinz, Andreas ; Ittermann, Bernd ; Martinot, Jean-Luc ; Martinot, Marie-Laure Paillère ; Artiges, Eric ; Nees, Frauke ; Orfanos, Dimitri Papadopoulos ; Paus, Tomáš ; Poustka, Luise ; Hohmann, Sarah ; Millenet, Sabina ; Fröhner, Juliane H. ; Smolkaa, Michael N. ; Walter, Henrik ; Whelanc, Robert ; Schuman, Gunter ; Garavan, Hugh ; Klingberg, Torkel</creator><creatorcontrib>Judd, Nicholas ; Sauce, Bruno ; Wiedenhoeft, John ; Tromp, Jeshua ; Chaarani, Bader ; Schliep, Alexander ; van Noort, Betteke ; Penttilä, Jani ; Grimmer, Yvonne ; Insensee, Corinna ; Becker, Andreas ; Banaschewski, Tobias ; Bokde, Arun L. W. ; Quinlan, Erin Burke ; Desrivières, Sylvane ; Flor, Herta ; Grigis, Antoine ; Gowland, Penny ; Heinz, Andreas ; Ittermann, Bernd ; Martinot, Jean-Luc ; Martinot, Marie-Laure Paillère ; Artiges, Eric ; Nees, Frauke ; Orfanos, Dimitri Papadopoulos ; Paus, Tomáš ; Poustka, Luise ; Hohmann, Sarah ; Millenet, Sabina ; Fröhner, Juliane H. ; Smolkaa, Michael N. ; Walter, Henrik ; Whelanc, Robert ; Schuman, Gunter ; Garavan, Hugh ; Klingberg, Torkel</creatorcontrib><description>Genetic factors and socioeconomic status (SES) inequalities play a large role in educational attainment, and both have been associated with variations in brain structure and cognition. However, genetics and SES are correlated, and no prior study has assessed their neural associations independently. Here we used a polygenic score for educational attainment (EduYears-PGS), as well as SES, in a longitudinal study of 551 adolescents to tease apart genetic and environmental associations with brain development and cognition. Subjects received a structural MRI scan at ages 14 and 19. At both time points, they performed three working memory (WM) tasks. SES and EduYears-PGS were correlated (r = 0.27) and had both common and independent associations with brain structure and cognition. Specifically, lower SES was related to less total cortical surface area and lower WM. EduYears-PGS was also related to total cortical surface area, but in addition had a regional association with surface area in the right parietal lobe, a region related to nonverbal cognitive functions, including mathematics, spatial cognition, and WM. SES, but not EduYears-PGS, was related to a change in total cortical surface area from age 14 to 19. This study demonstrates a regional association of EduYears-PGS and the independent prediction of SES with cognitive function and brain development. It suggests that the SES inequalities, in particular parental education, are related to global aspects of cortical development, and exert a persistent influence on brain development during adolescence.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0027-8424</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1091-6490</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1091-6490</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001228117</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32430323</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: National Academy of Sciences</publisher><subject>Academic Success ; Adolescent ; Adolescents ; Adult ; association ; Biological Sciences ; Brain ; Brain - diagnostic imaging ; Brain - growth & development ; Brain - physiology ; Cognition ; Cognition & reasoning ; Cognitive ability ; common ; Correlation analysis ; cortex ; cortical thickness ; development ; Education ; Educational attainment ; Educational Status ; Environmental organizations ; family ; Female ; Functions (mathematics) ; Genetic factors ; Genetics ; Humans ; Inequalities ; intelligence ; Longitudinal Studies ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mathematical analysis ; matter volume ; Memory tasks ; Memory, Short-Term ; metaanalysis ; Multifactorial Inheritance ; Neurosciences ; Neurovetenskaper ; Parietal lobe ; polygenic scores ; Science & Technology - Other Topics ; Short term memory ; Social Class ; Social Sciences ; Socioeconomic factors ; socioeconomic status ; Socioeconomics ; structural MRI ; Surface area ; trajectories ; working memory ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, 2020-06, Vol.117 (22), p.12411-12418</ispartof><rights>Copyright National Academy of Sciences Jun 2, 2020</rights><rights>2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c585t-342880e95443479feb7a7057e4853aef579e4fbb13b5533a34bbc5ae236b49083</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c585t-342880e95443479feb7a7057e4853aef579e4fbb13b5533a34bbc5ae236b49083</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-9768-3383 ; 0000-0002-9544-0150 ; 0000-0001-5398-5569 ; 0000-0002-2790-7281 ; 0000-0002-3932-6273 ; 0000-0002-9403-6121 ; 0000-0003-4595-1144 ; 0000-0002-6935-1517 ; 0000-0002-1242-8990</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26931288$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/26931288$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,550,723,776,780,799,881,27901,27902,53766,53768,57992,58225</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32430323$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://gup.ub.gu.se/publication/294380$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttp://kipublications.ki.se/Default.aspx?queryparsed=id:143861408$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Judd, Nicholas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sauce, Bruno</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wiedenhoeft, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tromp, Jeshua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaarani, Bader</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schliep, Alexander</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Noort, Betteke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Penttilä, Jani</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grimmer, Yvonne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Insensee, Corinna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Becker, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Banaschewski, Tobias</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bokde, Arun L. W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Quinlan, Erin Burke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Desrivières, Sylvane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Flor, Herta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grigis, Antoine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gowland, Penny</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heinz, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ittermann, Bernd</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martinot, Jean-Luc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martinot, Marie-Laure Paillère</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Artiges, Eric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nees, Frauke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Orfanos, Dimitri Papadopoulos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Paus, Tomáš</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Poustka, Luise</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hohmann, Sarah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Millenet, Sabina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fröhner, Juliane H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smolkaa, Michael N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Walter, Henrik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Whelanc, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schuman, Gunter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Garavan, Hugh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Klingberg, Torkel</creatorcontrib><title>Cognitive and brain development is independently influenced by socioeconomic status and polygenic scores for educational attainment</title><title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS</title><addtitle>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</addtitle><description>Genetic factors and socioeconomic status (SES) inequalities play a large role in educational attainment, and both have been associated with variations in brain structure and cognition. However, genetics and SES are correlated, and no prior study has assessed their neural associations independently. Here we used a polygenic score for educational attainment (EduYears-PGS), as well as SES, in a longitudinal study of 551 adolescents to tease apart genetic and environmental associations with brain development and cognition. Subjects received a structural MRI scan at ages 14 and 19. At both time points, they performed three working memory (WM) tasks. SES and EduYears-PGS were correlated (r = 0.27) and had both common and independent associations with brain structure and cognition. Specifically, lower SES was related to less total cortical surface area and lower WM. EduYears-PGS was also related to total cortical surface area, but in addition had a regional association with surface area in the right parietal lobe, a region related to nonverbal cognitive functions, including mathematics, spatial cognition, and WM. SES, but not EduYears-PGS, was related to a change in total cortical surface area from age 14 to 19. This study demonstrates a regional association of EduYears-PGS and the independent prediction of SES with cognitive function and brain development. It suggests that the SES inequalities, in particular parental education, are related to global aspects of cortical development, and exert a persistent influence on brain development during adolescence.</description><subject>Academic Success</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adolescents</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>association</subject><subject>Biological Sciences</subject><subject>Brain</subject><subject>Brain - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Brain - growth & development</subject><subject>Brain - physiology</subject><subject>Cognition</subject><subject>Cognition & reasoning</subject><subject>Cognitive ability</subject><subject>common</subject><subject>Correlation analysis</subject><subject>cortex</subject><subject>cortical thickness</subject><subject>development</subject><subject>Education</subject><subject>Educational attainment</subject><subject>Educational Status</subject><subject>Environmental organizations</subject><subject>family</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Functions (mathematics)</subject><subject>Genetic factors</subject><subject>Genetics</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Inequalities</subject><subject>intelligence</subject><subject>Longitudinal Studies</subject><subject>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mathematical analysis</subject><subject>matter volume</subject><subject>Memory tasks</subject><subject>Memory, Short-Term</subject><subject>metaanalysis</subject><subject>Multifactorial Inheritance</subject><subject>Neurosciences</subject><subject>Neurovetenskaper</subject><subject>Parietal lobe</subject><subject>polygenic scores</subject><subject>Science & Technology - Other Topics</subject><subject>Short term memory</subject><subject>Social Class</subject><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subject>Socioeconomic factors</subject><subject>socioeconomic status</subject><subject>Socioeconomics</subject><subject>structural MRI</subject><subject>Surface area</subject><subject>trajectories</subject><subject>working memory</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0027-8424</issn><issn>1091-6490</issn><issn>1091-6490</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>D8T</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kruP1DAQhy0E4paDmgoUiYYmd37GSYN0WvGSTqKB2nKcSfCS2MF2Fm3NP45zuywcBY0fM9_8xjMehJ4TfEWwZNez0_GKYkworQmRD9CG4IaUFW_wQ7TBmMqy5pRfoCcx7jDGjajxY3TBKGeYUbZBP7d-cDbZPRTadUUbtHVFB3sY_TyBS4WNhXUdzJAXl8ZDvvXjAs5Apg9F9MZ6MN75yZoiJp2WeKc0-_EwgFuNxgeIRe9DAd1idLLe6bHQKeVca46n6FGvxwjPTvsl-vLu7efth_L20_uP25vb0ohapJJxWtcYGsE547LpoZVaYiGB14Jp6IVsgPdtS1grBGOa8bY1QgNlVZv7UbNLVB514w-Yl1bNwU46HJTXVp1M3_IJFJeEZIn_8cMyq2walpWnDWc1zvybI5_hCTqTSwt6vBd23-PsVzX4vZJUCslYFnh9Egj--wIxqclGA-OoHfglKsqxYDjXLzP66h9055eQ-7pShFZcVHeC10fKBB9jgP78GILVOkBqHSD1Z4ByxMu_azjzvycmAy-OwC4mH85-WjWM5P9hvwDdUc_K</recordid><startdate>20200602</startdate><enddate>20200602</enddate><creator>Judd, Nicholas</creator><creator>Sauce, Bruno</creator><creator>Wiedenhoeft, John</creator><creator>Tromp, Jeshua</creator><creator>Chaarani, Bader</creator><creator>Schliep, Alexander</creator><creator>van Noort, Betteke</creator><creator>Penttilä, Jani</creator><creator>Grimmer, Yvonne</creator><creator>Insensee, Corinna</creator><creator>Becker, Andreas</creator><creator>Banaschewski, Tobias</creator><creator>Bokde, Arun L. 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W. ; Quinlan, Erin Burke ; Desrivières, Sylvane ; Flor, Herta ; Grigis, Antoine ; Gowland, Penny ; Heinz, Andreas ; Ittermann, Bernd ; Martinot, Jean-Luc ; Martinot, Marie-Laure Paillère ; Artiges, Eric ; Nees, Frauke ; Orfanos, Dimitri Papadopoulos ; Paus, Tomáš ; Poustka, Luise ; Hohmann, Sarah ; Millenet, Sabina ; Fröhner, Juliane H. ; Smolkaa, Michael N. ; Walter, Henrik ; Whelanc, Robert ; Schuman, Gunter ; Garavan, Hugh ; Klingberg, Torkel</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c585t-342880e95443479feb7a7057e4853aef579e4fbb13b5533a34bbc5ae236b49083</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Academic Success</topic><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adolescents</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>association</topic><topic>Biological Sciences</topic><topic>Brain</topic><topic>Brain - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Brain - growth & development</topic><topic>Brain - physiology</topic><topic>Cognition</topic><topic>Cognition & reasoning</topic><topic>Cognitive ability</topic><topic>common</topic><topic>Correlation analysis</topic><topic>cortex</topic><topic>cortical thickness</topic><topic>development</topic><topic>Education</topic><topic>Educational attainment</topic><topic>Educational Status</topic><topic>Environmental organizations</topic><topic>family</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Functions (mathematics)</topic><topic>Genetic factors</topic><topic>Genetics</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Inequalities</topic><topic>intelligence</topic><topic>Longitudinal Studies</topic><topic>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mathematical analysis</topic><topic>matter volume</topic><topic>Memory tasks</topic><topic>Memory, Short-Term</topic><topic>metaanalysis</topic><topic>Multifactorial Inheritance</topic><topic>Neurosciences</topic><topic>Neurovetenskaper</topic><topic>Parietal lobe</topic><topic>polygenic scores</topic><topic>Science & Technology - Other Topics</topic><topic>Short term memory</topic><topic>Social Class</topic><topic>Social Sciences</topic><topic>Socioeconomic factors</topic><topic>socioeconomic status</topic><topic>Socioeconomics</topic><topic>structural MRI</topic><topic>Surface area</topic><topic>trajectories</topic><topic>working memory</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Judd, Nicholas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sauce, Bruno</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wiedenhoeft, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tromp, Jeshua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaarani, Bader</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schliep, Alexander</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Noort, Betteke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Penttilä, Jani</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grimmer, Yvonne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Insensee, Corinna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Becker, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Banaschewski, Tobias</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bokde, Arun L. W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Quinlan, Erin Burke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Desrivières, Sylvane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Flor, Herta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grigis, Antoine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gowland, Penny</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heinz, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ittermann, Bernd</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martinot, Jean-Luc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martinot, Marie-Laure Paillère</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Artiges, Eric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nees, Frauke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Orfanos, Dimitri Papadopoulos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Paus, Tomáš</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Poustka, Luise</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hohmann, Sarah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Millenet, Sabina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fröhner, Juliane H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smolkaa, Michael N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Walter, Henrik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Whelanc, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schuman, Gunter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Garavan, Hugh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Klingberg, Torkel</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Oncogenes and Growth Factors Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>SwePub</collection><collection>SwePub Articles</collection><collection>SWEPUB Göteborgs universitet</collection><collection>SWEPUB Freely available online</collection><collection>SwePub Articles full text</collection><jtitle>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Judd, Nicholas</au><au>Sauce, Bruno</au><au>Wiedenhoeft, John</au><au>Tromp, Jeshua</au><au>Chaarani, Bader</au><au>Schliep, Alexander</au><au>van Noort, Betteke</au><au>Penttilä, Jani</au><au>Grimmer, Yvonne</au><au>Insensee, Corinna</au><au>Becker, Andreas</au><au>Banaschewski, Tobias</au><au>Bokde, Arun L. W.</au><au>Quinlan, Erin Burke</au><au>Desrivières, Sylvane</au><au>Flor, Herta</au><au>Grigis, Antoine</au><au>Gowland, Penny</au><au>Heinz, Andreas</au><au>Ittermann, Bernd</au><au>Martinot, Jean-Luc</au><au>Martinot, Marie-Laure Paillère</au><au>Artiges, Eric</au><au>Nees, Frauke</au><au>Orfanos, Dimitri Papadopoulos</au><au>Paus, Tomáš</au><au>Poustka, Luise</au><au>Hohmann, Sarah</au><au>Millenet, Sabina</au><au>Fröhner, Juliane H.</au><au>Smolkaa, Michael N.</au><au>Walter, Henrik</au><au>Whelanc, Robert</au><au>Schuman, Gunter</au><au>Garavan, Hugh</au><au>Klingberg, Torkel</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Cognitive and brain development is independently influenced by socioeconomic status and polygenic scores for educational attainment</atitle><jtitle>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS</jtitle><addtitle>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</addtitle><date>2020-06-02</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>117</volume><issue>22</issue><spage>12411</spage><epage>12418</epage><pages>12411-12418</pages><issn>0027-8424</issn><issn>1091-6490</issn><eissn>1091-6490</eissn><abstract>Genetic factors and socioeconomic status (SES) inequalities play a large role in educational attainment, and both have been associated with variations in brain structure and cognition. However, genetics and SES are correlated, and no prior study has assessed their neural associations independently. Here we used a polygenic score for educational attainment (EduYears-PGS), as well as SES, in a longitudinal study of 551 adolescents to tease apart genetic and environmental associations with brain development and cognition. Subjects received a structural MRI scan at ages 14 and 19. At both time points, they performed three working memory (WM) tasks. SES and EduYears-PGS were correlated (r = 0.27) and had both common and independent associations with brain structure and cognition. Specifically, lower SES was related to less total cortical surface area and lower WM. EduYears-PGS was also related to total cortical surface area, but in addition had a regional association with surface area in the right parietal lobe, a region related to nonverbal cognitive functions, including mathematics, spatial cognition, and WM. SES, but not EduYears-PGS, was related to a change in total cortical surface area from age 14 to 19. This study demonstrates a regional association of EduYears-PGS and the independent prediction of SES with cognitive function and brain development. It suggests that the SES inequalities, in particular parental education, are related to global aspects of cortical development, and exert a persistent influence on brain development during adolescence.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>National Academy of Sciences</pub><pmid>32430323</pmid><doi>10.1073/pnas.2001228117</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9768-3383</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9544-0150</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5398-5569</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2790-7281</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3932-6273</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9403-6121</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4595-1144</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6935-1517</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1242-8990</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0027-8424 |
| ispartof | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, 2020-06, Vol.117 (22), p.12411-12418 |
| issn | 0027-8424 1091-6490 1091-6490 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_swepub_primary_oai_swepub_ki_se_471155 |
| source | Jstor Complete Legacy; MEDLINE; PubMed Central; Alma/SFX Local Collection; SWEPUB Freely available online; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Academic Success Adolescent Adolescents Adult association Biological Sciences Brain Brain - diagnostic imaging Brain - growth & development Brain - physiology Cognition Cognition & reasoning Cognitive ability common Correlation analysis cortex cortical thickness development Education Educational attainment Educational Status Environmental organizations family Female Functions (mathematics) Genetic factors Genetics Humans Inequalities intelligence Longitudinal Studies Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Mathematical analysis matter volume Memory tasks Memory, Short-Term metaanalysis Multifactorial Inheritance Neurosciences Neurovetenskaper Parietal lobe polygenic scores Science & Technology - Other Topics Short term memory Social Class Social Sciences Socioeconomic factors socioeconomic status Socioeconomics structural MRI Surface area trajectories working memory Young Adult |
| title | Cognitive and brain development is independently influenced by socioeconomic status and polygenic scores for educational attainment |
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