More Than Smell—COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis

Abstract Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory impairments, such as anosmia. However, these reports have downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked quantitative measur...

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Veröffentlicht in:Chemical senses 2020-10, Vol.45 (7), p.609-622
Hauptverfasser: Parma, Valentina, Ohla, Kathrin, Veldhuizen, Maria G, Niv, Masha Y, Kelly, Christine E, Bakke, Alyssa J, Cooper, Keiland W, Bouysset, Cédric, Pirastu, Nicola, Dibattista, Michele, Kaur, Rishemjit, Liuzza, Marco Tullio, Pepino, Marta Y, Schöpf, Veronika, Pereda-Loth, Veronica, Olsson, Shannon B, Gerkin, Richard C, Rohlfs Domínguez, Paloma, Albayay, Javier, Farruggia, Michael C, Bhutani, Surabhi, Fjaeldstad, Alexander W, Kumar, Ritesh, Menini, Anna, Bensafi, Moustafa, Sandell, Mari, Konstantinidis, Iordanis, Di Pizio, Antonella, Genovese, Federica, Öztürk, Lina, Thomas-Danguin, Thierry, Frasnelli, Johannes, Boesveldt, Sanne, Saatci, Özlem, Saraiva, Luis R, Lin, Cailu, Golebiowski, Jérôme, Hwang, Liang-Dar, Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan, Guàrdia, Maria Dolors, Laudamiel, Christophe, Ritchie, Marina, Havlícek, Jan, Pierron, Denis, Roura, Eugeni, Navarro, Marta, Nolden, Alissa A, Lim, Juyun, Whitcroft, Katherine L, Colquitt, Lauren R, Ferdenzi, Camille, Brindha, Evelyn V, Altundag, Aytug, Macchi, Alberto, Nunez-Parra, Alexia, Patel, Zara M, Fiorucci, Sébastien, Philpott, Carl M, Smith, Barry C, Lundström, Johan N, Mucignat, Carla, Parker, Jane K, van den Brink, Mirjam, Schmuker, Michael, Fischmeister, Florian Ph S, Heinbockel, Thomas, Shields, Vonnie D C, Faraji, Farhoud, Santamaría, Enrique, Fredborg, William E A, Morini, Gabriella, Olofsson, Jonas K, Jalessi, Maryam, Karni, Noam, D’Errico, Anna, Alizadeh, Rafieh, Pellegrino, Robert, Meyer, Pablo, Huart, Caroline, Chen, Ben, Soler, Graciela M, Alwashahi, Mohammed K, Welge-Lüssen, Antje, Freiherr, Jessica, de Groot, Jasper H B, Klein, Hadar, Okamoto, Masako, Singh, Preet Bano, Hsieh, Julien W, Reed, Danielle R, Hummel, Thomas, Munger, Steven D, Hayes, John E
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container_issue 7
container_start_page 609
container_title Chemical senses
container_volume 45
creator Parma, Valentina
Ohla, Kathrin
Veldhuizen, Maria G
Niv, Masha Y
Kelly, Christine E
Bakke, Alyssa J
Cooper, Keiland W
Bouysset, Cédric
Pirastu, Nicola
Dibattista, Michele
Kaur, Rishemjit
Liuzza, Marco Tullio
Pepino, Marta Y
Schöpf, Veronika
Pereda-Loth, Veronica
Olsson, Shannon B
Gerkin, Richard C
Rohlfs Domínguez, Paloma
Albayay, Javier
Farruggia, Michael C
Bhutani, Surabhi
Fjaeldstad, Alexander W
Kumar, Ritesh
Menini, Anna
Bensafi, Moustafa
Sandell, Mari
Konstantinidis, Iordanis
Di Pizio, Antonella
Genovese, Federica
Öztürk, Lina
Thomas-Danguin, Thierry
Frasnelli, Johannes
Boesveldt, Sanne
Saatci, Özlem
Saraiva, Luis R
Lin, Cailu
Golebiowski, Jérôme
Hwang, Liang-Dar
Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan
Guàrdia, Maria Dolors
Laudamiel, Christophe
Ritchie, Marina
Havlícek, Jan
Pierron, Denis
Roura, Eugeni
Navarro, Marta
Nolden, Alissa A
Lim, Juyun
Whitcroft, Katherine L
Colquitt, Lauren R
Ferdenzi, Camille
Brindha, Evelyn V
Altundag, Aytug
Macchi, Alberto
Nunez-Parra, Alexia
Patel, Zara M
Fiorucci, Sébastien
Philpott, Carl M
Smith, Barry C
Lundström, Johan N
Mucignat, Carla
Parker, Jane K
van den Brink, Mirjam
Schmuker, Michael
Fischmeister, Florian Ph S
Heinbockel, Thomas
Shields, Vonnie D C
Faraji, Farhoud
Santamaría, Enrique
Fredborg, William E A
Morini, Gabriella
Olofsson, Jonas K
Jalessi, Maryam
Karni, Noam
D’Errico, Anna
Alizadeh, Rafieh
Pellegrino, Robert
Meyer, Pablo
Huart, Caroline
Chen, Ben
Soler, Graciela M
Alwashahi, Mohammed K
Welge-Lüssen, Antje
Freiherr, Jessica
de Groot, Jasper H B
Klein, Hadar
Okamoto, Masako
Singh, Preet Bano
Hsieh, Julien W
Reed, Danielle R
Hummel, Thomas
Munger, Steven D
Hayes, John E
description Abstract Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory impairments, such as anosmia. However, these reports have downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked quantitative measurements. Here, we report the development, implementation, and initial results of a multilingual, international questionnaire to assess self-reported quantity and quality of perception in 3 distinct chemosensory modalities (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) before and during COVID-19. In the first 11 days after questionnaire launch, 4039 participants (2913 women, 1118 men, and 8 others, aged 19–79) reported a COVID-19 diagnosis either via laboratory tests or clinical assessment. Importantly, smell, taste, and chemesthetic function were each significantly reduced compared to their status before the disease. Difference scores (maximum possible change ±100) revealed a mean reduction of smell (−79.7 ± 28.7, mean ± standard deviation), taste (−69.0 ± 32.6), and chemesthetic (−37.3 ± 36.2) function during COVID-19. Qualitative changes in olfactory ability (parosmia and phantosmia) were relatively rare and correlated with smell loss. Importantly, perceived nasal obstruction did not account for smell loss. Furthermore, chemosensory impairments were similar between participants in the laboratory test and clinical assessment groups. These results show that COVID-19-associated chemosensory impairment is not limited to smell but also affects taste and chemesthesis. The multimodal impact of COVID-19 and the lack of perceived nasal obstruction suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus strain 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may disrupt sensory-neural mechanisms.
doi_str_mv 10.1093/chemse/bjaa041
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Ohla, Kathrin ; Veldhuizen, Maria G ; Niv, Masha Y ; Kelly, Christine E ; Bakke, Alyssa J ; Cooper, Keiland W ; Bouysset, Cédric ; Pirastu, Nicola ; Dibattista, Michele ; Kaur, Rishemjit ; Liuzza, Marco Tullio ; Pepino, Marta Y ; Schöpf, Veronika ; Pereda-Loth, Veronica ; Olsson, Shannon B ; Gerkin, Richard C ; Rohlfs Domínguez, Paloma ; Albayay, Javier ; Farruggia, Michael C ; Bhutani, Surabhi ; Fjaeldstad, Alexander W ; Kumar, Ritesh ; Menini, Anna ; Bensafi, Moustafa ; Sandell, Mari ; Konstantinidis, Iordanis ; Di Pizio, Antonella ; Genovese, Federica ; Öztürk, Lina ; Thomas-Danguin, Thierry ; Frasnelli, Johannes ; Boesveldt, Sanne ; Saatci, Özlem ; Saraiva, Luis R ; Lin, Cailu ; Golebiowski, Jérôme ; Hwang, Liang-Dar ; Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan ; Guàrdia, Maria Dolors ; Laudamiel, Christophe ; Ritchie, Marina ; Havlícek, Jan ; Pierron, Denis ; Roura, Eugeni ; Navarro, Marta ; Nolden, Alissa A ; Lim, Juyun ; Whitcroft, Katherine L ; Colquitt, Lauren R ; Ferdenzi, Camille ; Brindha, Evelyn V ; Altundag, Aytug ; Macchi, Alberto ; Nunez-Parra, Alexia ; Patel, Zara M ; Fiorucci, Sébastien ; Philpott, Carl M ; Smith, Barry C ; Lundström, Johan N ; Mucignat, Carla ; Parker, Jane K ; van den Brink, Mirjam ; Schmuker, Michael ; Fischmeister, Florian Ph S ; Heinbockel, Thomas ; Shields, Vonnie D C ; Faraji, Farhoud ; Santamaría, Enrique ; Fredborg, William E A ; Morini, Gabriella ; Olofsson, Jonas K ; Jalessi, Maryam ; Karni, Noam ; D’Errico, Anna ; Alizadeh, Rafieh ; Pellegrino, Robert ; Meyer, Pablo ; Huart, Caroline ; Chen, Ben ; Soler, Graciela M ; Alwashahi, Mohammed K ; Welge-Lüssen, Antje ; Freiherr, Jessica ; de Groot, Jasper H B ; Klein, Hadar ; Okamoto, Masako ; Singh, Preet Bano ; Hsieh, Julien W ; Reed, Danielle R ; Hummel, Thomas ; Munger, Steven D ; Hayes, John E</creator><creatorcontrib>Parma, Valentina ; Ohla, Kathrin ; Veldhuizen, Maria G ; Niv, Masha Y ; Kelly, Christine E ; Bakke, Alyssa J ; Cooper, Keiland W ; Bouysset, Cédric ; Pirastu, Nicola ; Dibattista, Michele ; Kaur, Rishemjit ; Liuzza, Marco Tullio ; Pepino, Marta Y ; Schöpf, Veronika ; Pereda-Loth, Veronica ; Olsson, Shannon B ; Gerkin, Richard C ; Rohlfs Domínguez, Paloma ; Albayay, Javier ; Farruggia, Michael C ; Bhutani, Surabhi ; Fjaeldstad, Alexander W ; Kumar, Ritesh ; Menini, Anna ; Bensafi, Moustafa ; Sandell, Mari ; Konstantinidis, Iordanis ; Di Pizio, Antonella ; Genovese, Federica ; Öztürk, Lina ; Thomas-Danguin, Thierry ; Frasnelli, Johannes ; Boesveldt, Sanne ; Saatci, Özlem ; Saraiva, Luis R ; Lin, Cailu ; Golebiowski, Jérôme ; Hwang, Liang-Dar ; Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan ; Guàrdia, Maria Dolors ; Laudamiel, Christophe ; Ritchie, Marina ; Havlícek, Jan ; Pierron, Denis ; Roura, Eugeni ; Navarro, Marta ; Nolden, Alissa A ; Lim, Juyun ; Whitcroft, Katherine L ; Colquitt, Lauren R ; Ferdenzi, Camille ; Brindha, Evelyn V ; Altundag, Aytug ; Macchi, Alberto ; Nunez-Parra, Alexia ; Patel, Zara M ; Fiorucci, Sébastien ; Philpott, Carl M ; Smith, Barry C ; Lundström, Johan N ; Mucignat, Carla ; Parker, Jane K ; van den Brink, Mirjam ; Schmuker, Michael ; Fischmeister, Florian Ph S ; Heinbockel, Thomas ; Shields, Vonnie D C ; Faraji, Farhoud ; Santamaría, Enrique ; Fredborg, William E A ; Morini, Gabriella ; Olofsson, Jonas K ; Jalessi, Maryam ; Karni, Noam ; D’Errico, Anna ; Alizadeh, Rafieh ; Pellegrino, Robert ; Meyer, Pablo ; Huart, Caroline ; Chen, Ben ; Soler, Graciela M ; Alwashahi, Mohammed K ; Welge-Lüssen, Antje ; Freiherr, Jessica ; de Groot, Jasper H B ; Klein, Hadar ; Okamoto, Masako ; Singh, Preet Bano ; Hsieh, Julien W ; Reed, Danielle R ; Hummel, Thomas ; Munger, Steven D ; Hayes, John E ; GCCR Group Author ; GCCR Group Author</creatorcontrib><description>Abstract Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory impairments, such as anosmia. However, these reports have downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked quantitative measurements. Here, we report the development, implementation, and initial results of a multilingual, international questionnaire to assess self-reported quantity and quality of perception in 3 distinct chemosensory modalities (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) before and during COVID-19. In the first 11 days after questionnaire launch, 4039 participants (2913 women, 1118 men, and 8 others, aged 19–79) reported a COVID-19 diagnosis either via laboratory tests or clinical assessment. Importantly, smell, taste, and chemesthetic function were each significantly reduced compared to their status before the disease. Difference scores (maximum possible change ±100) revealed a mean reduction of smell (−79.7 ± 28.7, mean ± standard deviation), taste (−69.0 ± 32.6), and chemesthetic (−37.3 ± 36.2) function during COVID-19. Qualitative changes in olfactory ability (parosmia and phantosmia) were relatively rare and correlated with smell loss. Importantly, perceived nasal obstruction did not account for smell loss. Furthermore, chemosensory impairments were similar between participants in the laboratory test and clinical assessment groups. These results show that COVID-19-associated chemosensory impairment is not limited to smell but also affects taste and chemesthesis. The multimodal impact of COVID-19 and the lack of perceived nasal obstruction suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus strain 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may disrupt sensory-neural mechanisms.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0379-864X</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1464-3553</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1464-3553</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa041</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32564071</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>UK: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Adult ; Aged ; Betacoronavirus - isolation &amp; purification ; Coronavirus Infections - complications ; Coronavirus Infections - diagnosis ; Coronavirus Infections - virology ; COVID-19 ; Female ; Food and Nutrition ; Food engineering ; head and neck surgery ; Humans ; Life Sciences ; Male ; Medicin och hälsovetenskap ; Middle Aged ; olfaction ; Olfaction Disorders - etiology ; Olfaction Disorders - virology ; Original ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral - complications ; Pneumonia, Viral - diagnosis ; Pneumonia, Viral - virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Self Report ; Smell ; somatosensation ; Somatosensory Disorders - etiology ; Somatosensory Disorders - virology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Taste ; Taste Disorders - etiology ; Taste Disorders - virology ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Chemical senses, 2020-10, Vol.45 (7), p.609-622</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com 2020</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.</rights><rights>Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c653t-4052f179c0765e55d9c66287ca25fdcaa07956f5390198655c2547170dac2ee53</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c653t-4052f179c0765e55d9c66287ca25fdcaa07956f5390198655c2547170dac2ee53</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-9065-6326 ; 0000-0002-1125-3236 ; 0000-0002-3529-8981 ; 0000-0002-2940-3378 ; 0000-0002-0856-0569 ; 0000-0001-8909-7758 ; 0000-0002-3132-9904 ; 0000-0002-8345-7633 ; 0000-0001-9052-4497 ; 0000-0003-4079-0396 ; 0000-0002-9135-6920 ; 0000-0001-7265-0449 ; 0000-0001-6708-1253 ; 0000-0002-1781-8912 ; 0000-0002-9073-9946 ; 0000-0001-5572-0361 ; 0000-0002-2991-3036 ; 0000-0003-0276-7072 ; 0000-0002-3675-1952 ; 0000-0003-2245-0478 ; 0000-0002-5306-6754 ; 0000-0002-9756-355X ; 0000-0002-4374-6107 ; 0000-0002-7814-8158 ; 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G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Niv, Masha Y</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kelly, Christine E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bakke, Alyssa J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cooper, Keiland W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bouysset, Cédric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pirastu, Nicola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dibattista, Michele</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaur, Rishemjit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liuzza, Marco Tullio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pepino, Marta Y</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schöpf, Veronika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pereda-Loth, Veronica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olsson, Shannon B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gerkin, Richard C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rohlfs Domínguez, Paloma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Albayay, Javier</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Farruggia, Michael C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhutani, Surabhi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fjaeldstad, Alexander W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kumar, Ritesh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Menini, Anna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bensafi, Moustafa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sandell, Mari</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Konstantinidis, Iordanis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Di Pizio, Antonella</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Genovese, Federica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Öztürk, Lina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thomas-Danguin, Thierry</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frasnelli, Johannes</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boesveldt, Sanne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saatci, Özlem</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saraiva, Luis R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lin, Cailu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Golebiowski, Jérôme</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hwang, Liang-Dar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guàrdia, Maria Dolors</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Laudamiel, Christophe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ritchie, Marina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Havlícek, 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Mirjam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmuker, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fischmeister, Florian Ph S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heinbockel, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shields, Vonnie D C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Faraji, Farhoud</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santamaría, Enrique</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fredborg, William E A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morini, Gabriella</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olofsson, Jonas K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jalessi, Maryam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karni, Noam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>D’Errico, Anna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alizadeh, Rafieh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pellegrino, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meyer, Pablo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huart, Caroline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Ben</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soler, Graciela M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alwashahi, Mohammed K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Welge-Lüssen, Antje</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Freiherr, Jessica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Groot, Jasper H B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Klein, Hadar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Okamoto, Masako</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Singh, Preet Bano</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hsieh, Julien W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reed, Danielle R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hummel, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Munger, Steven D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hayes, John E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>GCCR Group Author</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>GCCR Group Author</creatorcontrib><title>More Than Smell—COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis</title><title>Chemical senses</title><addtitle>Chem Senses</addtitle><description>Abstract Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory impairments, such as anosmia. However, these reports have downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked quantitative measurements. Here, we report the development, implementation, and initial results of a multilingual, international questionnaire to assess self-reported quantity and quality of perception in 3 distinct chemosensory modalities (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) before and during COVID-19. In the first 11 days after questionnaire launch, 4039 participants (2913 women, 1118 men, and 8 others, aged 19–79) reported a COVID-19 diagnosis either via laboratory tests or clinical assessment. Importantly, smell, taste, and chemesthetic function were each significantly reduced compared to their status before the disease. Difference scores (maximum possible change ±100) revealed a mean reduction of smell (−79.7 ± 28.7, mean ± standard deviation), taste (−69.0 ± 32.6), and chemesthetic (−37.3 ± 36.2) function during COVID-19. Qualitative changes in olfactory ability (parosmia and phantosmia) were relatively rare and correlated with smell loss. Importantly, perceived nasal obstruction did not account for smell loss. Furthermore, chemosensory impairments were similar between participants in the laboratory test and clinical assessment groups. These results show that COVID-19-associated chemosensory impairment is not limited to smell but also affects taste and chemesthesis. The multimodal impact of COVID-19 and the lack of perceived nasal obstruction suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus strain 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may disrupt sensory-neural mechanisms.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Betacoronavirus - isolation &amp; purification</subject><subject>Coronavirus Infections - complications</subject><subject>Coronavirus Infections - diagnosis</subject><subject>Coronavirus Infections - virology</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Food and Nutrition</subject><subject>Food engineering</subject><subject>head and neck surgery</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicin och hälsovetenskap</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>olfaction</subject><subject>Olfaction Disorders - etiology</subject><subject>Olfaction Disorders - virology</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Pneumonia, Viral - complications</subject><subject>Pneumonia, Viral - diagnosis</subject><subject>Pneumonia, Viral - virology</subject><subject>SARS-CoV-2</subject><subject>Self Report</subject><subject>Smell</subject><subject>somatosensation</subject><subject>Somatosensory Disorders - etiology</subject><subject>Somatosensory Disorders - virology</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>Taste</subject><subject>Taste Disorders - etiology</subject><subject>Taste Disorders - virology</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0379-864X</issn><issn>1464-3553</issn><issn>1464-3553</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>D8T</sourceid><recordid>eNqFks9u1DAQxi0EokvhyhHlCNKm9X_HF6TVFuhKi3roUrhZrjNpUjbxYieLuPEQPCFPglfZthSp4mRr_Pu-mfEMQi8JPiJYs2NXQxvh-PLaWszJIzQhXPKcCcEeowlmSueF5F8O0LMYrzEmnNHiKTpgVEiOFZkg-9EHyFa17bLzFtbr3z9_zc8uFic50dkiZrMYvWtsD2X2uenr7By2kPhFu7FNaKHrM1-Nwmm2srGHaWa7MpunqiD2NcQmPkdPKruO8GJ_HqJP79-t5qf58uzDYj5b5k4K1uccC1oRpR1WUoAQpXZS0kI5S0VVutSe0kJWgmlMdCGFcFRwRRQuraMAgh2ifPSN32EzXJpNaFobfhhvG7MPfU03MFxhxnHi9YP8JvjyTnQjJFwQrQq9004f1J40FzPjw5WJgyGFppIm_O2IJ7aF0qV_C3Z9P-O9l66pzZXfGsWYkpIngzejQf2P7HS2NLsYppoQzPCWJPb1Plnw34Y0BdM20aUJ2Q78EA3lRBSMU6ETejSiLvgYA1S33gSb3XqZcb3Mfr2S4NXfjdziN_t0V6gfNv8z-wOFSNxB</recordid><startdate>20201009</startdate><enddate>20201009</enddate><creator>Parma, Valentina</creator><creator>Ohla, Kathrin</creator><creator>Veldhuizen, Maria G</creator><creator>Niv, Masha Y</creator><creator>Kelly, Christine E</creator><creator>Bakke, Alyssa J</creator><creator>Cooper, Keiland W</creator><creator>Bouysset, Cédric</creator><creator>Pirastu, Nicola</creator><creator>Dibattista, Michele</creator><creator>Kaur, Rishemjit</creator><creator>Liuzza, Marco Tullio</creator><creator>Pepino, Marta Y</creator><creator>Schöpf, Veronika</creator><creator>Pereda-Loth, Veronica</creator><creator>Olsson, Shannon B</creator><creator>Gerkin, Richard C</creator><creator>Rohlfs Domínguez, Paloma</creator><creator>Albayay, Javier</creator><creator>Farruggia, Michael C</creator><creator>Bhutani, Surabhi</creator><creator>Fjaeldstad, Alexander W</creator><creator>Kumar, Ritesh</creator><creator>Menini, Anna</creator><creator>Bensafi, Moustafa</creator><creator>Sandell, Mari</creator><creator>Konstantinidis, Iordanis</creator><creator>Di Pizio, Antonella</creator><creator>Genovese, Federica</creator><creator>Öztürk, Lina</creator><creator>Thomas-Danguin, Thierry</creator><creator>Frasnelli, Johannes</creator><creator>Boesveldt, Sanne</creator><creator>Saatci, Özlem</creator><creator>Saraiva, Luis R</creator><creator>Lin, Cailu</creator><creator>Golebiowski, Jérôme</creator><creator>Hwang, Liang-Dar</creator><creator>Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan</creator><creator>Guàrdia, Maria Dolors</creator><creator>Laudamiel, Christophe</creator><creator>Ritchie, Marina</creator><creator>Havlícek, Jan</creator><creator>Pierron, Denis</creator><creator>Roura, Eugeni</creator><creator>Navarro, Marta</creator><creator>Nolden, Alissa A</creator><creator>Lim, Juyun</creator><creator>Whitcroft, Katherine L</creator><creator>Colquitt, Lauren R</creator><creator>Ferdenzi, Camille</creator><creator>Brindha, Evelyn V</creator><creator>Altundag, Aytug</creator><creator>Macchi, Alberto</creator><creator>Nunez-Parra, Alexia</creator><creator>Patel, Zara M</creator><creator>Fiorucci, Sébastien</creator><creator>Philpott, Carl M</creator><creator>Smith, Barry C</creator><creator>Lundström, Johan N</creator><creator>Mucignat, Carla</creator><creator>Parker, Jane K</creator><creator>van den Brink, Mirjam</creator><creator>Schmuker, Michael</creator><creator>Fischmeister, Florian Ph S</creator><creator>Heinbockel, Thomas</creator><creator>Shields, Vonnie D C</creator><creator>Faraji, Farhoud</creator><creator>Santamaría, Enrique</creator><creator>Fredborg, William E A</creator><creator>Morini, Gabriella</creator><creator>Olofsson, Jonas K</creator><creator>Jalessi, Maryam</creator><creator>Karni, Noam</creator><creator>D’Errico, Anna</creator><creator>Alizadeh, Rafieh</creator><creator>Pellegrino, Robert</creator><creator>Meyer, Pablo</creator><creator>Huart, Caroline</creator><creator>Chen, Ben</creator><creator>Soler, Graciela M</creator><creator>Alwashahi, Mohammed K</creator><creator>Welge-Lüssen, Antje</creator><creator>Freiherr, Jessica</creator><creator>de Groot, Jasper H B</creator><creator>Klein, Hadar</creator><creator>Okamoto, Masako</creator><creator>Singh, Preet Bano</creator><creator>Hsieh, Julien W</creator><creator>Reed, Danielle R</creator><creator>Hummel, Thomas</creator><creator>Munger, Steven D</creator><creator>Hayes, John E</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><general>Oxford University Press (OUP)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>1XC</scope><scope>VOOES</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>ABAVF</scope><scope>ADTPV</scope><scope>AOWAS</scope><scope>D8T</scope><scope>DG7</scope><scope>ZZAVC</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9065-6326</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-3236</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-8981</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2940-3378</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0856-0569</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8909-7758</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3132-9904</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8345-7633</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9052-4497</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4079-0396</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9135-6920</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7265-0449</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6708-1253</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1781-8912</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9073-9946</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5572-0361</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2991-3036</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7072</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3675-1952</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2245-0478</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5306-6754</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9756-355X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4374-6107</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7814-8158</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0358-9645</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1383-6774</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7365-6217</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9713-0183</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1685-2000</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20201009</creationdate><title>More Than Smell—COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis</title><author>Parma, Valentina ; Ohla, Kathrin ; Veldhuizen, Maria G ; Niv, Masha Y ; Kelly, Christine E ; Bakke, Alyssa J ; Cooper, Keiland W ; Bouysset, Cédric ; Pirastu, Nicola ; Dibattista, Michele ; Kaur, Rishemjit ; Liuzza, Marco Tullio ; Pepino, Marta Y ; Schöpf, Veronika ; Pereda-Loth, Veronica ; Olsson, Shannon B ; Gerkin, Richard C ; Rohlfs Domínguez, Paloma ; Albayay, Javier ; Farruggia, Michael C ; Bhutani, Surabhi ; Fjaeldstad, Alexander W ; Kumar, Ritesh ; Menini, Anna ; Bensafi, Moustafa ; Sandell, Mari ; Konstantinidis, Iordanis ; Di Pizio, Antonella ; Genovese, Federica ; Öztürk, Lina ; Thomas-Danguin, Thierry ; Frasnelli, Johannes ; Boesveldt, Sanne ; Saatci, Özlem ; Saraiva, Luis R ; Lin, Cailu ; Golebiowski, Jérôme ; Hwang, Liang-Dar ; Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan ; Guàrdia, Maria Dolors ; Laudamiel, Christophe ; Ritchie, Marina ; Havlícek, Jan ; Pierron, Denis ; Roura, Eugeni ; Navarro, Marta ; Nolden, Alissa A ; Lim, Juyun ; Whitcroft, Katherine L ; Colquitt, Lauren R ; Ferdenzi, Camille ; Brindha, Evelyn V ; Altundag, Aytug ; Macchi, Alberto ; Nunez-Parra, Alexia ; Patel, Zara M ; Fiorucci, Sébastien ; Philpott, Carl M ; Smith, Barry C ; Lundström, Johan N ; Mucignat, Carla ; Parker, Jane K ; van den Brink, Mirjam ; Schmuker, Michael ; Fischmeister, Florian Ph S ; Heinbockel, Thomas ; Shields, Vonnie D C ; Faraji, Farhoud ; Santamaría, Enrique ; Fredborg, William E A ; Morini, Gabriella ; Olofsson, Jonas K ; Jalessi, Maryam ; Karni, Noam ; D’Errico, Anna ; Alizadeh, Rafieh ; Pellegrino, Robert ; Meyer, Pablo ; Huart, Caroline ; Chen, Ben ; Soler, Graciela M ; Alwashahi, Mohammed K ; Welge-Lüssen, Antje ; Freiherr, Jessica ; de Groot, Jasper H B ; Klein, Hadar ; Okamoto, Masako ; Singh, Preet Bano ; Hsieh, Julien W ; Reed, Danielle R ; Hummel, Thomas ; Munger, Steven D ; Hayes, John E</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c653t-4052f179c0765e55d9c66287ca25fdcaa07956f5390198655c2547170dac2ee53</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Betacoronavirus - isolation &amp; purification</topic><topic>Coronavirus Infections - complications</topic><topic>Coronavirus Infections - diagnosis</topic><topic>Coronavirus Infections - virology</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Food and Nutrition</topic><topic>Food engineering</topic><topic>head and neck surgery</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medicin och hälsovetenskap</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>olfaction</topic><topic>Olfaction Disorders - etiology</topic><topic>Olfaction Disorders - virology</topic><topic>Original</topic><topic>Pandemics</topic><topic>Pneumonia, Viral - complications</topic><topic>Pneumonia, Viral - diagnosis</topic><topic>Pneumonia, Viral - virology</topic><topic>SARS-CoV-2</topic><topic>Self Report</topic><topic>Smell</topic><topic>somatosensation</topic><topic>Somatosensory Disorders - etiology</topic><topic>Somatosensory Disorders - virology</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><topic>Taste</topic><topic>Taste Disorders - etiology</topic><topic>Taste Disorders - virology</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Parma, Valentina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ohla, Kathrin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Veldhuizen, Maria G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Niv, Masha Y</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kelly, Christine E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bakke, Alyssa J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cooper, Keiland W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bouysset, Cédric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pirastu, Nicola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dibattista, Michele</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaur, Rishemjit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liuzza, Marco Tullio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pepino, Marta Y</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schöpf, Veronika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pereda-Loth, Veronica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olsson, Shannon B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gerkin, Richard C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rohlfs Domínguez, Paloma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Albayay, Javier</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Farruggia, Michael C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhutani, Surabhi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fjaeldstad, Alexander W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kumar, Ritesh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Menini, Anna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bensafi, Moustafa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sandell, Mari</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Konstantinidis, Iordanis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Di Pizio, Antonella</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Genovese, Federica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Öztürk, Lina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thomas-Danguin, Thierry</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frasnelli, Johannes</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boesveldt, Sanne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saatci, Özlem</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saraiva, Luis R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lin, Cailu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Golebiowski, Jérôme</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hwang, Liang-Dar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guàrdia, Maria Dolors</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Laudamiel, Christophe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ritchie, Marina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Havlícek, Jan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pierron, Denis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roura, Eugeni</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Navarro, Marta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nolden, Alissa A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lim, Juyun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Whitcroft, Katherine L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Colquitt, Lauren R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferdenzi, Camille</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brindha, Evelyn V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Altundag, Aytug</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Macchi, Alberto</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nunez-Parra, Alexia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Patel, Zara M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fiorucci, Sébastien</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Philpott, Carl M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, Barry C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lundström, Johan N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mucignat, Carla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Parker, Jane K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van den Brink, Mirjam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmuker, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fischmeister, Florian Ph S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heinbockel, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shields, Vonnie D C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Faraji, Farhoud</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santamaría, Enrique</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fredborg, William E A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morini, Gabriella</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olofsson, Jonas K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jalessi, Maryam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karni, Noam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>D’Errico, Anna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alizadeh, Rafieh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pellegrino, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meyer, Pablo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huart, Caroline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Ben</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soler, Graciela M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alwashahi, Mohammed K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Welge-Lüssen, Antje</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Freiherr, Jessica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Groot, Jasper H B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Klein, Hadar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Okamoto, Masako</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Singh, Preet Bano</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hsieh, Julien W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reed, Danielle R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hummel, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Munger, Steven D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hayes, John E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>GCCR Group Author</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>GCCR Group Author</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL) (Open Access)</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>SWEPUB Stockholms universitet full text</collection><collection>SwePub</collection><collection>SwePub Articles</collection><collection>SWEPUB Freely available online</collection><collection>SWEPUB Stockholms universitet</collection><collection>SwePub Articles full text</collection><jtitle>Chemical senses</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Parma, Valentina</au><au>Ohla, Kathrin</au><au>Veldhuizen, Maria G</au><au>Niv, Masha Y</au><au>Kelly, Christine E</au><au>Bakke, Alyssa J</au><au>Cooper, Keiland W</au><au>Bouysset, Cédric</au><au>Pirastu, Nicola</au><au>Dibattista, Michele</au><au>Kaur, Rishemjit</au><au>Liuzza, Marco Tullio</au><au>Pepino, Marta Y</au><au>Schöpf, Veronika</au><au>Pereda-Loth, Veronica</au><au>Olsson, Shannon B</au><au>Gerkin, Richard C</au><au>Rohlfs Domínguez, Paloma</au><au>Albayay, Javier</au><au>Farruggia, Michael C</au><au>Bhutani, Surabhi</au><au>Fjaeldstad, Alexander W</au><au>Kumar, Ritesh</au><au>Menini, Anna</au><au>Bensafi, Moustafa</au><au>Sandell, Mari</au><au>Konstantinidis, Iordanis</au><au>Di Pizio, Antonella</au><au>Genovese, Federica</au><au>Öztürk, Lina</au><au>Thomas-Danguin, Thierry</au><au>Frasnelli, Johannes</au><au>Boesveldt, Sanne</au><au>Saatci, Özlem</au><au>Saraiva, Luis R</au><au>Lin, Cailu</au><au>Golebiowski, Jérôme</au><au>Hwang, Liang-Dar</au><au>Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan</au><au>Guàrdia, Maria Dolors</au><au>Laudamiel, Christophe</au><au>Ritchie, Marina</au><au>Havlícek, Jan</au><au>Pierron, Denis</au><au>Roura, Eugeni</au><au>Navarro, Marta</au><au>Nolden, Alissa A</au><au>Lim, Juyun</au><au>Whitcroft, Katherine L</au><au>Colquitt, Lauren R</au><au>Ferdenzi, Camille</au><au>Brindha, Evelyn V</au><au>Altundag, Aytug</au><au>Macchi, Alberto</au><au>Nunez-Parra, Alexia</au><au>Patel, Zara M</au><au>Fiorucci, Sébastien</au><au>Philpott, Carl M</au><au>Smith, Barry C</au><au>Lundström, Johan N</au><au>Mucignat, Carla</au><au>Parker, Jane K</au><au>van den Brink, Mirjam</au><au>Schmuker, Michael</au><au>Fischmeister, Florian Ph S</au><au>Heinbockel, Thomas</au><au>Shields, Vonnie D C</au><au>Faraji, Farhoud</au><au>Santamaría, Enrique</au><au>Fredborg, William E A</au><au>Morini, Gabriella</au><au>Olofsson, Jonas K</au><au>Jalessi, Maryam</au><au>Karni, Noam</au><au>D’Errico, Anna</au><au>Alizadeh, Rafieh</au><au>Pellegrino, Robert</au><au>Meyer, Pablo</au><au>Huart, Caroline</au><au>Chen, Ben</au><au>Soler, Graciela M</au><au>Alwashahi, Mohammed K</au><au>Welge-Lüssen, Antje</au><au>Freiherr, Jessica</au><au>de Groot, Jasper H B</au><au>Klein, Hadar</au><au>Okamoto, Masako</au><au>Singh, Preet Bano</au><au>Hsieh, Julien W</au><au>Reed, Danielle R</au><au>Hummel, Thomas</au><au>Munger, Steven D</au><au>Hayes, John E</au><aucorp>GCCR Group Author</aucorp><aucorp>GCCR Group Author</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>More Than Smell—COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis</atitle><jtitle>Chemical senses</jtitle><addtitle>Chem Senses</addtitle><date>2020-10-09</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>45</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>609</spage><epage>622</epage><pages>609-622</pages><issn>0379-864X</issn><issn>1464-3553</issn><eissn>1464-3553</eissn><abstract>Abstract Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory impairments, such as anosmia. However, these reports have downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked quantitative measurements. Here, we report the development, implementation, and initial results of a multilingual, international questionnaire to assess self-reported quantity and quality of perception in 3 distinct chemosensory modalities (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) before and during COVID-19. In the first 11 days after questionnaire launch, 4039 participants (2913 women, 1118 men, and 8 others, aged 19–79) reported a COVID-19 diagnosis either via laboratory tests or clinical assessment. Importantly, smell, taste, and chemesthetic function were each significantly reduced compared to their status before the disease. Difference scores (maximum possible change ±100) revealed a mean reduction of smell (−79.7 ± 28.7, mean ± standard deviation), taste (−69.0 ± 32.6), and chemesthetic (−37.3 ± 36.2) function during COVID-19. Qualitative changes in olfactory ability (parosmia and phantosmia) were relatively rare and correlated with smell loss. Importantly, perceived nasal obstruction did not account for smell loss. Furthermore, chemosensory impairments were similar between participants in the laboratory test and clinical assessment groups. These results show that COVID-19-associated chemosensory impairment is not limited to smell but also affects taste and chemesthesis. The multimodal impact of COVID-19 and the lack of perceived nasal obstruction suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus strain 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may disrupt sensory-neural mechanisms.</abstract><cop>UK</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>32564071</pmid><doi>10.1093/chemse/bjaa041</doi><tpages>14</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9065-6326</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-3236</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-8981</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2940-3378</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0856-0569</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8909-7758</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3132-9904</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8345-7633</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9052-4497</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4079-0396</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9135-6920</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7265-0449</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6708-1253</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1781-8912</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9073-9946</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5572-0361</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2991-3036</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7072</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3675-1952</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2245-0478</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5306-6754</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9756-355X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4374-6107</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7814-8158</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0358-9645</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1383-6774</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7365-6217</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9713-0183</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1685-2000</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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identifier ISSN: 0379-864X
ispartof Chemical senses, 2020-10, Vol.45 (7), p.609-622
issn 0379-864X
1464-3553
1464-3553
language eng
recordid cdi_swepub_primary_oai_swepub_ki_se_470340
source MEDLINE; SWEPUB Freely available online; Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current); EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry
subjects Adult
Aged
Betacoronavirus - isolation & purification
Coronavirus Infections - complications
Coronavirus Infections - diagnosis
Coronavirus Infections - virology
COVID-19
Female
Food and Nutrition
Food engineering
head and neck surgery
Humans
Life Sciences
Male
Medicin och hälsovetenskap
Middle Aged
olfaction
Olfaction Disorders - etiology
Olfaction Disorders - virology
Original
Pandemics
Pneumonia, Viral - complications
Pneumonia, Viral - diagnosis
Pneumonia, Viral - virology
SARS-CoV-2
Self Report
Smell
somatosensation
Somatosensory Disorders - etiology
Somatosensory Disorders - virology
Surveys and Questionnaires
Taste
Taste Disorders - etiology
Taste Disorders - virology
Young Adult
title More Than Smell—COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis
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