Long-term risk factors for old-age social exclusion in Sweden: a 30-year longitudinal study
•Social exclusion is both persistent and dynamic among older adults.•Risk factors influenced late-life exclusion through early late-life exclusion.•Social exclusion is multidimensional, with associations between life domains.•There was a stronger effect of non-employment on exclusion in women.•There...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Archives of gerontology and geriatrics 2022-11, Vol.103, p.104760-104760, Article 104760 |
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Zusammenfassung: | •Social exclusion is both persistent and dynamic among older adults.•Risk factors influenced late-life exclusion through early late-life exclusion.•Social exclusion is multidimensional, with associations between life domains.•There was a stronger effect of non-employment on exclusion in women.•There was a stronger effect of psychological health problems on exclusion in men.
Social exclusion threatens quality of life in older age. However, there is a lack of research on social exclusion from life-course and gender perspectives. We investigated early- and midlife risk factors for old-age social exclusion among women and men.
Two individually linked studies of Swedish nationally representative samples provided longitudinal data over a 30-year period on 1,819 people at baseline. Indicators of economic exclusion, leisure/social exclusion, and civic exclusion were assessed at early late life (M=70 years) and late life (M=81). Educational attainment, non-employment, psychological health problems and mobility problems were measured as risk factors at midlife (M=54) and late midlife (M=61). Path analysis derived a model of old-age social exclusion.
Exclusion on a domain in early late life led to exclusion on the same domain in late life, except for the economic domain. Leisure/social exclusion in early late life also led to civic exclusion in late life. Midlife risk factors influenced late-life exclusion almost exclusively through early late-life exclusion. While model fit could not be significantly improved by allowing coefficients to vary freely by gender, there was a stronger effect of non-employment on exclusion in women and a stronger effect of psychological health problems on exclusion in men.
This study confirms that old-age exclusion is persistent and dynamic, and influenced by risk factors experienced earlier in life. A holistic approach with integrated efforts across different policy areas is needed to efficiently reduce old-age social exclusion. |
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ISSN: | 0167-4943 1872-6976 1872-6976 |
DOI: | 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104760 |