Large herbivore migration plasticity along environmental gradients in Europe: life‐history traits modulate forage effects
The most common framework under which ungulate migration is studied predicts that it is driven by spatio–temporal variation in plant phenology, yet other hypotheses may explain differences within and between species. To disentangle more complex patterns than those based on single species/ single pop...
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creator | Peters, Wibke Hebblewhite, Mark Mysterud, Atle Eacker, Daniel Hewison, A. J. Mark Linnell, John D. C. Focardi, Stefano Urbano, Ferdinando De Groeve, Johannes Gehr, Benedikt Heurich, Marco Jarnemo, Anders Kjellander, Petter Kröschel, Max Morellet, Nicolas Pedrotti, Luca Reinecke, Horst Sandfort, Robin Sönnichsen, Leif Sunde, Peter Cagnacci, Francesca |
description | The most common framework under which ungulate migration is studied predicts that it is driven by spatio–temporal variation in plant phenology, yet other hypotheses may explain differences within and between species. To disentangle more complex patterns than those based on single species/ single populations, we quantified migration variability using two sympatric ungulate species differing in their foraging strategy, mating system and physiological constraints due to body size. We related observed variation to a set of hypotheses. We used GPS‐collar data from 537 individuals in 10 roe Capreolus capreolus and 12 red deer Cervus elaphus populations spanning environmental gradients across Europe to assess variation in migration propensity, distance and timing. Using time‐to‐event models, we explored how the probability of migration varied in relation to sex, landscape (e.g. topography, forest cover) and temporally‐varying environmental factors (e.g. plant green‐up, snow cover). Migration propensity varied across study areas. Red deer were, on average, three times more migratory than roe deer (56% versus 18%). This relationship was mainly driven by red deer males which were twice as migratory as females (82% versus 38%). The probability of roe deer migration was similar between sexes. Roe deer (both sexes) migrated earliest in spring. While territorial male roe deer migrated last in autumn, male and female red deer migrated around the same time in autumn, likely due to their polygynous mating system. Plant productivity determined the onset of spring migration in both species, but if plant productivity on winter ranges was sufficiently high, roe deer were less likely to leave. In autumn, migration coincided with reduced plant productivity for both species. This relationship was stronger for red deer. Our results confirm that ungulate migration is influenced by plant phenology, but in a novel way, that these effects appear to be modulated by species‐specific traits, especially mating strategies. |
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J. Mark ; Linnell, John D. C. ; Focardi, Stefano ; Urbano, Ferdinando ; De Groeve, Johannes ; Gehr, Benedikt ; Heurich, Marco ; Jarnemo, Anders ; Kjellander, Petter ; Kröschel, Max ; Morellet, Nicolas ; Pedrotti, Luca ; Reinecke, Horst ; Sandfort, Robin ; Sönnichsen, Leif ; Sunde, Peter ; Cagnacci, Francesca</creator><creatorcontrib>Peters, Wibke ; Hebblewhite, Mark ; Mysterud, Atle ; Eacker, Daniel ; Hewison, A. J. Mark ; Linnell, John D. C. ; Focardi, Stefano ; Urbano, Ferdinando ; De Groeve, Johannes ; Gehr, Benedikt ; Heurich, Marco ; Jarnemo, Anders ; Kjellander, Petter ; Kröschel, Max ; Morellet, Nicolas ; Pedrotti, Luca ; Reinecke, Horst ; Sandfort, Robin ; Sönnichsen, Leif ; Sunde, Peter ; Cagnacci, Francesca ; Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet</creatorcontrib><description>The most common framework under which ungulate migration is studied predicts that it is driven by spatio–temporal variation in plant phenology, yet other hypotheses may explain differences within and between species. To disentangle more complex patterns than those based on single species/ single populations, we quantified migration variability using two sympatric ungulate species differing in their foraging strategy, mating system and physiological constraints due to body size. We related observed variation to a set of hypotheses. We used GPS‐collar data from 537 individuals in 10 roe Capreolus capreolus and 12 red deer Cervus elaphus populations spanning environmental gradients across Europe to assess variation in migration propensity, distance and timing. Using time‐to‐event models, we explored how the probability of migration varied in relation to sex, landscape (e.g. topography, forest cover) and temporally‐varying environmental factors (e.g. plant green‐up, snow cover). Migration propensity varied across study areas. Red deer were, on average, three times more migratory than roe deer (56% versus 18%). This relationship was mainly driven by red deer males which were twice as migratory as females (82% versus 38%). The probability of roe deer migration was similar between sexes. Roe deer (both sexes) migrated earliest in spring. While territorial male roe deer migrated last in autumn, male and female red deer migrated around the same time in autumn, likely due to their polygynous mating system. Plant productivity determined the onset of spring migration in both species, but if plant productivity on winter ranges was sufficiently high, roe deer were less likely to leave. In autumn, migration coincided with reduced plant productivity for both species. This relationship was stronger for red deer. Our results confirm that ungulate migration is influenced by plant phenology, but in a novel way, that these effects appear to be modulated by species‐specific traits, especially mating strategies.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0030-1299</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1600-0706</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 0021-8901</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1365-2664</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1600-0706</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/oik.05588</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Animal behavior ; Animal migration ; Autumn ; behavioral plasticity ; Biodiversity and Ecology ; Body size ; Cervus elaphus ; Deer ; Ecology ; Ekologi ; Environmental factors ; Environmental gradient ; Environmental Sciences ; Females ; forage maturation hypothesis ; Foraging ; Foraging behavior ; Frameworks ; Gradients ; Herbivores ; Hypotheses ; Landscape ; Males ; Mating ; Migrations ; Migratory species ; partial migration ; Phenology ; Populations ; Probability theory ; Productivity ; Reproductive behaviour ; Snow cover ; Species ; Spring ; Spring (season) ; Sympatric populations ; Temporal variations ; Topography (geology)</subject><ispartof>Oikos, 2019-03, Vol.128 (3), p.416-429</ispartof><rights>2018 The Authors</rights><rights>Oikos © 2019 Nordic Society Oikos</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5066-86b092ce069523c54c8b12947b557d53108178389867be5c2464613ef85497333</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5066-86b092ce069523c54c8b12947b557d53108178389867be5c2464613ef85497333</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-1044-9296 ; 0000-0002-7105-428X ; 0000-0001-5382-1361 ; 0000-0002-2276-4154 ; 0000-0002-4274-7044</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Foik.05588$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Foik.05588$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,1416,27922,27923,45572,45573</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02625586$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40801$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://res.slu.se/id/publ/99068$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Peters, Wibke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hebblewhite, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mysterud, Atle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eacker, Daniel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hewison, A. J. Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Linnell, John D. C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Focardi, Stefano</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Urbano, Ferdinando</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>De Groeve, Johannes</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gehr, Benedikt</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heurich, Marco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jarnemo, Anders</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kjellander, Petter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kröschel, Max</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morellet, Nicolas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pedrotti, Luca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reinecke, Horst</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sandfort, Robin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sönnichsen, Leif</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sunde, Peter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cagnacci, Francesca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet</creatorcontrib><title>Large herbivore migration plasticity along environmental gradients in Europe: life‐history traits modulate forage effects</title><title>Oikos</title><description>The most common framework under which ungulate migration is studied predicts that it is driven by spatio–temporal variation in plant phenology, yet other hypotheses may explain differences within and between species. To disentangle more complex patterns than those based on single species/ single populations, we quantified migration variability using two sympatric ungulate species differing in their foraging strategy, mating system and physiological constraints due to body size. We related observed variation to a set of hypotheses. We used GPS‐collar data from 537 individuals in 10 roe Capreolus capreolus and 12 red deer Cervus elaphus populations spanning environmental gradients across Europe to assess variation in migration propensity, distance and timing. Using time‐to‐event models, we explored how the probability of migration varied in relation to sex, landscape (e.g. topography, forest cover) and temporally‐varying environmental factors (e.g. plant green‐up, snow cover). Migration propensity varied across study areas. Red deer were, on average, three times more migratory than roe deer (56% versus 18%). This relationship was mainly driven by red deer males which were twice as migratory as females (82% versus 38%). The probability of roe deer migration was similar between sexes. Roe deer (both sexes) migrated earliest in spring. While territorial male roe deer migrated last in autumn, male and female red deer migrated around the same time in autumn, likely due to their polygynous mating system. Plant productivity determined the onset of spring migration in both species, but if plant productivity on winter ranges was sufficiently high, roe deer were less likely to leave. In autumn, migration coincided with reduced plant productivity for both species. This relationship was stronger for red deer. Our results confirm that ungulate migration is influenced by plant phenology, but in a novel way, that these effects appear to be modulated by species‐specific traits, especially mating strategies.</description><subject>Animal behavior</subject><subject>Animal migration</subject><subject>Autumn</subject><subject>behavioral plasticity</subject><subject>Biodiversity and Ecology</subject><subject>Body size</subject><subject>Cervus elaphus</subject><subject>Deer</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Ekologi</subject><subject>Environmental factors</subject><subject>Environmental gradient</subject><subject>Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Females</subject><subject>forage maturation hypothesis</subject><subject>Foraging</subject><subject>Foraging behavior</subject><subject>Frameworks</subject><subject>Gradients</subject><subject>Herbivores</subject><subject>Hypotheses</subject><subject>Landscape</subject><subject>Males</subject><subject>Mating</subject><subject>Migrations</subject><subject>Migratory species</subject><subject>partial migration</subject><subject>Phenology</subject><subject>Populations</subject><subject>Probability theory</subject><subject>Productivity</subject><subject>Reproductive behaviour</subject><subject>Snow cover</subject><subject>Species</subject><subject>Spring</subject><subject>Spring (season)</subject><subject>Sympatric populations</subject><subject>Temporal variations</subject><subject>Topography (geology)</subject><issn>0030-1299</issn><issn>1600-0706</issn><issn>0021-8901</issn><issn>1365-2664</issn><issn>1600-0706</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp10cFu1DAQBmALgcRSOPAGljghlHYcx47DbdUWWrFSL8DVcrKTjYs3Draz1YpLH6HPyJPgZRGIQ30Za_RpRqOfkNcMTll-Z95-OwUhlHpCFkwCFFCDfEoWABwKVjbNc_IixlsAqOu6WpAfKxM2SAcMrd35gHRrN8Ek60c6OROT7WzaU-P8uKE47mzw4xbHZBzNbG3zN1I70ss5-AnfU2d7_Hn_MNiYfNjTFIzNYOvXszMJae-Dyduw77FL8SV51hsX8dWfekK-fLj8fH5VrG4-Xp8vV0UnQMpCyRaaskOQjSh5J6pOtfmSqm6FqNeCM1CsVlw1StYtiq6sZCUZx16Jqqk55yekOM6NdzjNrZ6C3Zqw195YHd3cmnAoOqJuGpAq-3eP-gv7dal92Ohh0BUoYFm_PerBuP_o1XKlDz0oZZkTkbuDfXO0U_DfZ4xJ3_o5jPl4XTKV71N5_b-JXfAxBuz_jmWgDynrnLL-nXK2Z0d7Zx3uH4f65voTKxVI_guzRqqv</recordid><startdate>201903</startdate><enddate>201903</enddate><creator>Peters, Wibke</creator><creator>Hebblewhite, Mark</creator><creator>Mysterud, Atle</creator><creator>Eacker, Daniel</creator><creator>Hewison, A. 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J. Mark ; Linnell, John D. C. ; Focardi, Stefano ; Urbano, Ferdinando ; De Groeve, Johannes ; Gehr, Benedikt ; Heurich, Marco ; Jarnemo, Anders ; Kjellander, Petter ; Kröschel, Max ; Morellet, Nicolas ; Pedrotti, Luca ; Reinecke, Horst ; Sandfort, Robin ; Sönnichsen, Leif ; Sunde, Peter ; Cagnacci, Francesca</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5066-86b092ce069523c54c8b12947b557d53108178389867be5c2464613ef85497333</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Animal behavior</topic><topic>Animal migration</topic><topic>Autumn</topic><topic>behavioral plasticity</topic><topic>Biodiversity and Ecology</topic><topic>Body size</topic><topic>Cervus elaphus</topic><topic>Deer</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Ekologi</topic><topic>Environmental factors</topic><topic>Environmental gradient</topic><topic>Environmental Sciences</topic><topic>Females</topic><topic>forage maturation hypothesis</topic><topic>Foraging</topic><topic>Foraging behavior</topic><topic>Frameworks</topic><topic>Gradients</topic><topic>Herbivores</topic><topic>Hypotheses</topic><topic>Landscape</topic><topic>Males</topic><topic>Mating</topic><topic>Migrations</topic><topic>Migratory species</topic><topic>partial migration</topic><topic>Phenology</topic><topic>Populations</topic><topic>Probability theory</topic><topic>Productivity</topic><topic>Reproductive behaviour</topic><topic>Snow cover</topic><topic>Species</topic><topic>Spring</topic><topic>Spring (season)</topic><topic>Sympatric populations</topic><topic>Temporal variations</topic><topic>Topography (geology)</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Peters, Wibke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hebblewhite, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mysterud, Atle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eacker, Daniel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hewison, A. 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To disentangle more complex patterns than those based on single species/ single populations, we quantified migration variability using two sympatric ungulate species differing in their foraging strategy, mating system and physiological constraints due to body size. We related observed variation to a set of hypotheses. We used GPS‐collar data from 537 individuals in 10 roe Capreolus capreolus and 12 red deer Cervus elaphus populations spanning environmental gradients across Europe to assess variation in migration propensity, distance and timing. Using time‐to‐event models, we explored how the probability of migration varied in relation to sex, landscape (e.g. topography, forest cover) and temporally‐varying environmental factors (e.g. plant green‐up, snow cover). Migration propensity varied across study areas. Red deer were, on average, three times more migratory than roe deer (56% versus 18%). This relationship was mainly driven by red deer males which were twice as migratory as females (82% versus 38%). The probability of roe deer migration was similar between sexes. Roe deer (both sexes) migrated earliest in spring. While territorial male roe deer migrated last in autumn, male and female red deer migrated around the same time in autumn, likely due to their polygynous mating system. Plant productivity determined the onset of spring migration in both species, but if plant productivity on winter ranges was sufficiently high, roe deer were less likely to leave. In autumn, migration coincided with reduced plant productivity for both species. This relationship was stronger for red deer. Our results confirm that ungulate migration is influenced by plant phenology, but in a novel way, that these effects appear to be modulated by species‐specific traits, especially mating strategies.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1111/oik.05588</doi><tpages>14</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1044-9296</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7105-428X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5382-1361</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2276-4154</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4274-7044</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Animal behavior Animal migration Autumn behavioral plasticity Biodiversity and Ecology Body size Cervus elaphus Deer Ecology Ekologi Environmental factors Environmental gradient Environmental Sciences Females forage maturation hypothesis Foraging Foraging behavior Frameworks Gradients Herbivores Hypotheses Landscape Males Mating Migrations Migratory species partial migration Phenology Populations Probability theory Productivity Reproductive behaviour Snow cover Species Spring Spring (season) Sympatric populations Temporal variations Topography (geology) |
title | Large herbivore migration plasticity along environmental gradients in Europe: life‐history traits modulate forage effects |
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