Drying fresh human urine in magnesium-doped alkaline substrates: Capture of free ammonia, inhibition of enzymatic urea hydrolysis & minimisation of chemical urea hydrolysis
[Display omitted] •Complete nutrient recovery by drying fresh urine in Mg-based alkaline substrates.•Urea recovered by inhibiting enzymatic hydrolysis and minimising chemical hydrolysis.•Ammonia recovered by shifting [Mg]:[NH4]:[PO4] molar ratio in urine to form struvite.•Solid fertiliser containing...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996) Switzerland : 1996), 2022-01, Vol.428, p.131026, Article 131026 |
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| container_title | Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996) |
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| creator | Vasiljev, Anastasija Simha, Prithvi Demisse, Natnael Karlsson, Caroline Randall, Dyllon G. Vinnerås, Björn |
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•Complete nutrient recovery by drying fresh urine in Mg-based alkaline substrates.•Urea recovered by inhibiting enzymatic hydrolysis and minimising chemical hydrolysis.•Ammonia recovered by shifting [Mg]:[NH4]:[PO4] molar ratio in urine to form struvite.•Solid fertiliser containing 11% N, 2% P and 3% K produced by dehydrating urine.
Recycling urine can reduce the flux of reactive nitrogen in the environment. This paper presents a novel approach to recover all N (Ntot) from urine, including ammonia (TAN; about 5% of Ntot), which is usually volatilised when alkalised urine is dehydrated. As analytical methods for measuring N have a standard deviation of at least 5%, real fresh urine was fortified with ammonia (urineN) or ammonia and phosphate (urineNP) so that TAN comprised 10% of Ntot. The urine was then added to different magnesium-based alkaline substrates (MgO, Mg(OH)2, MgCl2 + Mg(OH)2) and dried at 38 ˚C. Chemical speciation modelling suggested that, irrespective of the substrate, >98% of Ntot in urineNP was recovered and 86% of TAN was precipitated as struvite. Experimental results showed that |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.cej.2021.131026 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>elsevier_swepu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_swepub_primary_oai_slubar_slu_se_115052</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S1385894721026085</els_id><sourcerecordid>S1385894721026085</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c379t-9ddbb70edeb8a31cd511127b7dc4b56c30b8b9997e8365c046ca0aa24f2c6d513</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kcuO1DAQRSMEEsPAB7DzihUJfnResELNY5BGYgNrq2xXJtXETstOQOGb-EgcNbCYBasqqe45UukWxXPBK8FF8-pUWTxVkktRCSW4bB4UV6JrVamkkA_zrrq67PpD-7h4ktKJc970or8qfr2LG4U7NkRMIxtXD4GtkQIyCszDXcBEqy_dfEbHYPoG035Lq0lLhAXTa3aE87JGZPOwS5CB93MgeJkFIxlaaA77DcPPzcNCNusR2Li5OE9bosReME-BPCX4m7UjerIw3Y8-LR4NMCV89mdeF18_vP9yvClvP3_8dHx7W1rV9kvZO2dMy9Gh6UAJ62ohhGxN6-zB1I1V3HSm7_sWO9XUlh8aCxxAHgZpmxxW10V18aYfeF6NPkfyEDc9A-k0rQbiPnRCLUTNa5kBcQFsnFOKOPxDBNd7P_qkcz9670df-snMmwuD-ZPvhNlpCYNFRxHtot1M_6F_A-66ni0</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype></control><display><type>article</type><title>Drying fresh human urine in magnesium-doped alkaline substrates: Capture of free ammonia, inhibition of enzymatic urea hydrolysis & minimisation of chemical urea hydrolysis</title><source>Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals</source><source>SWEPUB Freely available online</source><creator>Vasiljev, Anastasija ; Simha, Prithvi ; Demisse, Natnael ; Karlsson, Caroline ; Randall, Dyllon G. ; Vinnerås, Björn</creator><creatorcontrib>Vasiljev, Anastasija ; Simha, Prithvi ; Demisse, Natnael ; Karlsson, Caroline ; Randall, Dyllon G. ; Vinnerås, Björn ; Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet</creatorcontrib><description>[Display omitted]
•Complete nutrient recovery by drying fresh urine in Mg-based alkaline substrates.•Urea recovered by inhibiting enzymatic hydrolysis and minimising chemical hydrolysis.•Ammonia recovered by shifting [Mg]:[NH4]:[PO4] molar ratio in urine to form struvite.•Solid fertiliser containing 11% N, 2% P and 3% K produced by dehydrating urine.
Recycling urine can reduce the flux of reactive nitrogen in the environment. This paper presents a novel approach to recover all N (Ntot) from urine, including ammonia (TAN; about 5% of Ntot), which is usually volatilised when alkalised urine is dehydrated. As analytical methods for measuring N have a standard deviation of at least 5%, real fresh urine was fortified with ammonia (urineN) or ammonia and phosphate (urineNP) so that TAN comprised 10% of Ntot. The urine was then added to different magnesium-based alkaline substrates (MgO, Mg(OH)2, MgCl2 + Mg(OH)2) and dried at 38 ˚C. Chemical speciation modelling suggested that, irrespective of the substrate, >98% of Ntot in urineNP was recovered and 86% of TAN was precipitated as struvite. Experimental results showed that < 90% of Ntot was recovered when urineNP was dried in MgO and Mg(OH)2, suggesting that no TAN was captured. However, all phosphorus and potassium and 93% (±5%) of Ntot and 30% of TAN were recovered when urineNP was dried in MgCl2 + Mg(OH)2, as the [Mg]:[NH4]:[PO4] molar ratio of 1.69:1.14:1.0 in urine favoured formation of struvite. Overall, this study demonstrated that all ammonia excreted in real fresh urine (unfortified, TAN < 5% Ntot) can be captured if urine is dried in substrates containing 3.7 g MgCl2·6H2O L−1 or 2.2 g MgSO4 L−1, but no calcium. Ammonia can also be captured if fresh urine is saturated with MgO or Mg(OH)2 with high reactivity (<60 s citric acid test). If the drying substrate has pH > 10 throughout the treatment, urease enzyme-catalysed degradation of urea to ammonia is prevented, resulting in complete recovery of all nutrients. The end-product is a solid fertiliser containing 10–11% nitrogen, 1–2% phosphorus and 2–3% potassium.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1385-8947</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-3212</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.131026</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Alkaline Dehydration ; Ammonia ; Fertiliser ; Resource recovery ; Source separating Sanitation ; Vattenbehandling ; Wastewater treatment ; Water Treatment</subject><ispartof>Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996), 2022-01, Vol.428, p.131026, Article 131026</ispartof><rights>2021 The Author(s)</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c379t-9ddbb70edeb8a31cd511127b7dc4b56c30b8b9997e8365c046ca0aa24f2c6d513</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c379t-9ddbb70edeb8a31cd511127b7dc4b56c30b8b9997e8365c046ca0aa24f2c6d513</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894721026085$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,550,776,780,881,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://res.slu.se/id/publ/115052$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Vasiljev, Anastasija</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Simha, Prithvi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Demisse, Natnael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karlsson, Caroline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Randall, Dyllon G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vinnerås, Björn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet</creatorcontrib><title>Drying fresh human urine in magnesium-doped alkaline substrates: Capture of free ammonia, inhibition of enzymatic urea hydrolysis & minimisation of chemical urea hydrolysis</title><title>Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996)</title><description>[Display omitted]
•Complete nutrient recovery by drying fresh urine in Mg-based alkaline substrates.•Urea recovered by inhibiting enzymatic hydrolysis and minimising chemical hydrolysis.•Ammonia recovered by shifting [Mg]:[NH4]:[PO4] molar ratio in urine to form struvite.•Solid fertiliser containing 11% N, 2% P and 3% K produced by dehydrating urine.
Recycling urine can reduce the flux of reactive nitrogen in the environment. This paper presents a novel approach to recover all N (Ntot) from urine, including ammonia (TAN; about 5% of Ntot), which is usually volatilised when alkalised urine is dehydrated. As analytical methods for measuring N have a standard deviation of at least 5%, real fresh urine was fortified with ammonia (urineN) or ammonia and phosphate (urineNP) so that TAN comprised 10% of Ntot. The urine was then added to different magnesium-based alkaline substrates (MgO, Mg(OH)2, MgCl2 + Mg(OH)2) and dried at 38 ˚C. Chemical speciation modelling suggested that, irrespective of the substrate, >98% of Ntot in urineNP was recovered and 86% of TAN was precipitated as struvite. Experimental results showed that < 90% of Ntot was recovered when urineNP was dried in MgO and Mg(OH)2, suggesting that no TAN was captured. However, all phosphorus and potassium and 93% (±5%) of Ntot and 30% of TAN were recovered when urineNP was dried in MgCl2 + Mg(OH)2, as the [Mg]:[NH4]:[PO4] molar ratio of 1.69:1.14:1.0 in urine favoured formation of struvite. Overall, this study demonstrated that all ammonia excreted in real fresh urine (unfortified, TAN < 5% Ntot) can be captured if urine is dried in substrates containing 3.7 g MgCl2·6H2O L−1 or 2.2 g MgSO4 L−1, but no calcium. Ammonia can also be captured if fresh urine is saturated with MgO or Mg(OH)2 with high reactivity (<60 s citric acid test). If the drying substrate has pH > 10 throughout the treatment, urease enzyme-catalysed degradation of urea to ammonia is prevented, resulting in complete recovery of all nutrients. The end-product is a solid fertiliser containing 10–11% nitrogen, 1–2% phosphorus and 2–3% potassium.</description><subject>Alkaline Dehydration</subject><subject>Ammonia</subject><subject>Fertiliser</subject><subject>Resource recovery</subject><subject>Source separating Sanitation</subject><subject>Vattenbehandling</subject><subject>Wastewater treatment</subject><subject>Water Treatment</subject><issn>1385-8947</issn><issn>1873-3212</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>D8T</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kcuO1DAQRSMEEsPAB7DzihUJfnResELNY5BGYgNrq2xXJtXETstOQOGb-EgcNbCYBasqqe45UukWxXPBK8FF8-pUWTxVkktRCSW4bB4UV6JrVamkkA_zrrq67PpD-7h4ktKJc970or8qfr2LG4U7NkRMIxtXD4GtkQIyCszDXcBEqy_dfEbHYPoG035Lq0lLhAXTa3aE87JGZPOwS5CB93MgeJkFIxlaaA77DcPPzcNCNusR2Li5OE9bosReME-BPCX4m7UjerIw3Y8-LR4NMCV89mdeF18_vP9yvClvP3_8dHx7W1rV9kvZO2dMy9Gh6UAJ62ohhGxN6-zB1I1V3HSm7_sWO9XUlh8aCxxAHgZpmxxW10V18aYfeF6NPkfyEDc9A-k0rQbiPnRCLUTNa5kBcQFsnFOKOPxDBNd7P_qkcz9670df-snMmwuD-ZPvhNlpCYNFRxHtot1M_6F_A-66ni0</recordid><startdate>20220115</startdate><enddate>20220115</enddate><creator>Vasiljev, Anastasija</creator><creator>Simha, Prithvi</creator><creator>Demisse, Natnael</creator><creator>Karlsson, Caroline</creator><creator>Randall, Dyllon G.</creator><creator>Vinnerås, Björn</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ADTPV</scope><scope>AOWAS</scope><scope>D8T</scope><scope>ZZAVC</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20220115</creationdate><title>Drying fresh human urine in magnesium-doped alkaline substrates: Capture of free ammonia, inhibition of enzymatic urea hydrolysis & minimisation of chemical urea hydrolysis</title><author>Vasiljev, Anastasija ; Simha, Prithvi ; Demisse, Natnael ; Karlsson, Caroline ; Randall, Dyllon G. ; Vinnerås, Björn</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c379t-9ddbb70edeb8a31cd511127b7dc4b56c30b8b9997e8365c046ca0aa24f2c6d513</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Alkaline Dehydration</topic><topic>Ammonia</topic><topic>Fertiliser</topic><topic>Resource recovery</topic><topic>Source separating Sanitation</topic><topic>Vattenbehandling</topic><topic>Wastewater treatment</topic><topic>Water Treatment</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Vasiljev, Anastasija</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Simha, Prithvi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Demisse, Natnael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karlsson, Caroline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Randall, Dyllon G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vinnerås, Björn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>SwePub</collection><collection>SwePub Articles</collection><collection>SWEPUB Freely available online</collection><collection>SwePub Articles full text</collection><jtitle>Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Vasiljev, Anastasija</au><au>Simha, Prithvi</au><au>Demisse, Natnael</au><au>Karlsson, Caroline</au><au>Randall, Dyllon G.</au><au>Vinnerås, Björn</au><aucorp>Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Drying fresh human urine in magnesium-doped alkaline substrates: Capture of free ammonia, inhibition of enzymatic urea hydrolysis & minimisation of chemical urea hydrolysis</atitle><jtitle>Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996)</jtitle><date>2022-01-15</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>428</volume><spage>131026</spage><pages>131026-</pages><artnum>131026</artnum><issn>1385-8947</issn><eissn>1873-3212</eissn><abstract>[Display omitted]
•Complete nutrient recovery by drying fresh urine in Mg-based alkaline substrates.•Urea recovered by inhibiting enzymatic hydrolysis and minimising chemical hydrolysis.•Ammonia recovered by shifting [Mg]:[NH4]:[PO4] molar ratio in urine to form struvite.•Solid fertiliser containing 11% N, 2% P and 3% K produced by dehydrating urine.
Recycling urine can reduce the flux of reactive nitrogen in the environment. This paper presents a novel approach to recover all N (Ntot) from urine, including ammonia (TAN; about 5% of Ntot), which is usually volatilised when alkalised urine is dehydrated. As analytical methods for measuring N have a standard deviation of at least 5%, real fresh urine was fortified with ammonia (urineN) or ammonia and phosphate (urineNP) so that TAN comprised 10% of Ntot. The urine was then added to different magnesium-based alkaline substrates (MgO, Mg(OH)2, MgCl2 + Mg(OH)2) and dried at 38 ˚C. Chemical speciation modelling suggested that, irrespective of the substrate, >98% of Ntot in urineNP was recovered and 86% of TAN was precipitated as struvite. Experimental results showed that < 90% of Ntot was recovered when urineNP was dried in MgO and Mg(OH)2, suggesting that no TAN was captured. However, all phosphorus and potassium and 93% (±5%) of Ntot and 30% of TAN were recovered when urineNP was dried in MgCl2 + Mg(OH)2, as the [Mg]:[NH4]:[PO4] molar ratio of 1.69:1.14:1.0 in urine favoured formation of struvite. Overall, this study demonstrated that all ammonia excreted in real fresh urine (unfortified, TAN < 5% Ntot) can be captured if urine is dried in substrates containing 3.7 g MgCl2·6H2O L−1 or 2.2 g MgSO4 L−1, but no calcium. Ammonia can also be captured if fresh urine is saturated with MgO or Mg(OH)2 with high reactivity (<60 s citric acid test). If the drying substrate has pH > 10 throughout the treatment, urease enzyme-catalysed degradation of urea to ammonia is prevented, resulting in complete recovery of all nutrients. The end-product is a solid fertiliser containing 10–11% nitrogen, 1–2% phosphorus and 2–3% potassium.</abstract><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><doi>10.1016/j.cej.2021.131026</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 1385-8947 |
| ispartof | Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996), 2022-01, Vol.428, p.131026, Article 131026 |
| issn | 1385-8947 1873-3212 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_swepub_primary_oai_slubar_slu_se_115052 |
| source | Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals; SWEPUB Freely available online |
| subjects | Alkaline Dehydration Ammonia Fertiliser Resource recovery Source separating Sanitation Vattenbehandling Wastewater treatment Water Treatment |
| title | Drying fresh human urine in magnesium-doped alkaline substrates: Capture of free ammonia, inhibition of enzymatic urea hydrolysis & minimisation of chemical urea hydrolysis |
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