Livestock Presence Influences the Seroprevalence of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus on Sympatric Wildlife in Kenya
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is an emerging tick-borne zoonotic viral disease with the potential of causing public health emergencies. However, less is known about the role of wildlife and livestock in spreading the virus. Therefore, we aimed to assess how the interactions between African...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.) N.Y.), 2021-10, Vol.21 (10), p.89-816 |
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| creator | Obanda, Vincent Agwanda, Bernard Blanco-Penedo, Isabel Mwangi, Irene Ann King'ori, Edward Omondi, George P Ahlm, Clas Evander, Magnus Lwande, Olivia Wesula |
| description | Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is an emerging tick-borne zoonotic viral disease with the potential of causing public health emergencies. However, less is known about the role of wildlife and livestock in spreading the virus. Therefore, we aimed to assess how the interactions between African buffalo (
Syncerus caffer
) and cattle may influence the seroprevalence of CCHF across livestock-wildlife management systems in Kenya. The study included archived sera samples from buffalo and cattle from wildlife only habitats (Lake Nakuru National Park and Solio conservancy), open wildlife-livestock integrated habitats (Maasai Mara ecosystem and Meru National Park), and closed wildlife-livestock habitats (Ol Pejeta Conservancy) in Kenya. We analyzed 191 buffalo and 139 cattle sera using IDvet multispecies, double-antigen IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The seroprevalence toward Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) was significantly higher for buffalo compared to cattle (75.3% and 28.1%, respectively,
p
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| doi_str_mv | 10.1089/vbz.2021.0024 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_swepu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_swepub_primary_oai_slubar_slu_se_113808</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2582796774</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c481t-d10834e9eb34abfe305c29b383e7d6f822b3a57dfb72f3f8fb67fbdc1e2a497e3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkc1v1DAQxS0EomXhyBVZ4sIliz_iODlWC_0QK4FUKEfLTsZbl8Te2snS5a_HYUuRkBCnGXl-fn7jh9BLSpaU1M3bnfmxZITRJSGsfISOqRCykFI0j-eek4JXlTxCz1K6yQStqXiKjngpREMoPUZ3a7eDNIb2G_4UIYFvAV94209zl_B4DfgSYthG2On-1zRYvIpuAO3xKvhNwOcwhBiv9ca1-BR2EPGVi1PCwePL_bDVY8yDr67vemcBO48_gN_r5-iJ1X2CF_d1gb6cvv-8Oi_WH88uVifroi1rOhZdXpKX0IDhpTYWOBEtawyvOciusjVjhmshO2sks9zW1lTSmq6lwHTZSOALtDzopu-wnYzaZu867lXQTqV-MjrORSVQlPI6P7ZAxT8vvHNXJyrEjZqGSdG6JlWZ-TcHfhvD7ZT_Ug0utdD32kOYkmJCVpWQ2WlGX_-F3oQp-rx-pmomm0rK8o-BNoaUItgHC5SoOXOVM1dz5mrOPPOv7lUnM0D3QP8OOQP8AMzH2vvegYE4_kf2JyUruww</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2582796774</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Livestock Presence Influences the Seroprevalence of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus on Sympatric Wildlife in Kenya</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SWEPUB Freely available online</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Obanda, Vincent ; Agwanda, Bernard ; Blanco-Penedo, Isabel ; Mwangi, Irene Ann ; King'ori, Edward ; Omondi, George P ; Ahlm, Clas ; Evander, Magnus ; Lwande, Olivia Wesula</creator><creatorcontrib>Obanda, Vincent ; Agwanda, Bernard ; Blanco-Penedo, Isabel ; Mwangi, Irene Ann ; King'ori, Edward ; Omondi, George P ; Ahlm, Clas ; Evander, Magnus ; Lwande, Olivia Wesula ; Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet</creatorcontrib><description>Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is an emerging tick-borne zoonotic viral disease with the potential of causing public health emergencies. However, less is known about the role of wildlife and livestock in spreading the virus. Therefore, we aimed to assess how the interactions between African buffalo (
Syncerus caffer
) and cattle may influence the seroprevalence of CCHF across livestock-wildlife management systems in Kenya. The study included archived sera samples from buffalo and cattle from wildlife only habitats (Lake Nakuru National Park and Solio conservancy), open wildlife-livestock integrated habitats (Maasai Mara ecosystem and Meru National Park), and closed wildlife-livestock habitats (Ol Pejeta Conservancy) in Kenya. We analyzed 191 buffalo and 139 cattle sera using IDvet multispecies, double-antigen IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The seroprevalence toward Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) was significantly higher for buffalo compared to cattle (75.3% and 28.1%, respectively,
p
< 0.001). We obtained the highest seroprevalence among buffalo of 92.1% in closed wildlife only systems compared to 28.8% and 46.1% prevalence in closed-integrated and open-integrated systems, respectively. The regression coefficients were all negative for cattle compared to buffalo in both closed-integrated and open-integrated compared to wildlife only system. Our results show that CCHFV circulates among the diverse animal community in Kenya in spatially disconnected foci. The habitat overlap between cattle and buffalo makes cattle a “bridge species” or superspreader host for CCHFV and increases transmission risks to humans. The effect of animal management system on prevalence is depended on tick control on the cattle and not the animal
per se
. We conclude that buffalo, a host with a longer life span than livestock, is a reservoir and may serve as a sentinel population for longitudinal surveillance of CCHFV.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1530-3667</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1557-7759</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1557-7759</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0024</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34559011</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers</publisher><subject>African buffalo ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antigens ; Buffalo ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases - epidemiology ; Clinical Science ; Conservation organizations ; Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever ; Crimean hemorrhagic fever ; Ecosystem ; emerging infectious diseases ; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; Fever ; Habitats ; Hemorrhage ; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean - epidemiology ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean - veterinary ; Immunoglobulin G ; Infectious Diseases ; infektionssjukdomar ; Kenya - epidemiology ; Klinisk vetenskap ; Life span ; Livestock ; Management systems ; Microbiology ; mikrobiologi ; National parks ; Original Articles ; outbreak ; Public health ; Regression coefficients ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Serology ; Sympatric populations ; tick-borne diseases ; Viral diseases ; Viruses ; wildlife ; Wildlife conservation ; Wildlife habitats ; Wildlife management ; Zoonoses</subject><ispartof>Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.), 2021-10, Vol.21 (10), p.89-816</ispartof><rights>Vincent Obanda et al. 2021; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Oct 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c481t-d10834e9eb34abfe305c29b383e7d6f822b3a57dfb72f3f8fb67fbdc1e2a497e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c481t-d10834e9eb34abfe305c29b383e7d6f822b3a57dfb72f3f8fb67fbdc1e2a497e3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4066-9046 ; 0000-0003-2041-4457 ; 0000-0001-6034-4807</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,552,780,784,885,27923,27924</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34559011$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-188064$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://res.slu.se/id/publ/113808$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Obanda, Vincent</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Agwanda, Bernard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blanco-Penedo, Isabel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mwangi, Irene Ann</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>King'ori, Edward</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Omondi, George P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahlm, Clas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Evander, Magnus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lwande, Olivia Wesula</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet</creatorcontrib><title>Livestock Presence Influences the Seroprevalence of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus on Sympatric Wildlife in Kenya</title><title>Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)</title><addtitle>Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis</addtitle><description>Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is an emerging tick-borne zoonotic viral disease with the potential of causing public health emergencies. However, less is known about the role of wildlife and livestock in spreading the virus. Therefore, we aimed to assess how the interactions between African buffalo (
Syncerus caffer
) and cattle may influence the seroprevalence of CCHF across livestock-wildlife management systems in Kenya. The study included archived sera samples from buffalo and cattle from wildlife only habitats (Lake Nakuru National Park and Solio conservancy), open wildlife-livestock integrated habitats (Maasai Mara ecosystem and Meru National Park), and closed wildlife-livestock habitats (Ol Pejeta Conservancy) in Kenya. We analyzed 191 buffalo and 139 cattle sera using IDvet multispecies, double-antigen IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The seroprevalence toward Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) was significantly higher for buffalo compared to cattle (75.3% and 28.1%, respectively,
p
< 0.001). We obtained the highest seroprevalence among buffalo of 92.1% in closed wildlife only systems compared to 28.8% and 46.1% prevalence in closed-integrated and open-integrated systems, respectively. The regression coefficients were all negative for cattle compared to buffalo in both closed-integrated and open-integrated compared to wildlife only system. Our results show that CCHFV circulates among the diverse animal community in Kenya in spatially disconnected foci. The habitat overlap between cattle and buffalo makes cattle a “bridge species” or superspreader host for CCHFV and increases transmission risks to humans. The effect of animal management system on prevalence is depended on tick control on the cattle and not the animal
per se
. We conclude that buffalo, a host with a longer life span than livestock, is a reservoir and may serve as a sentinel population for longitudinal surveillance of CCHFV.</description><subject>African buffalo</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Animals, Wild</subject><subject>Antibodies, Viral</subject><subject>Antigens</subject><subject>Buffalo</subject><subject>Cattle</subject><subject>Cattle Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Clinical Science</subject><subject>Conservation organizations</subject><subject>Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever</subject><subject>Crimean hemorrhagic fever</subject><subject>Ecosystem</subject><subject>emerging infectious diseases</subject><subject>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</subject><subject>Fever</subject><subject>Habitats</subject><subject>Hemorrhage</subject><subject>Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo</subject><subject>Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean - epidemiology</subject><subject>Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean - veterinary</subject><subject>Immunoglobulin G</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases</subject><subject>infektionssjukdomar</subject><subject>Kenya - epidemiology</subject><subject>Klinisk vetenskap</subject><subject>Life span</subject><subject>Livestock</subject><subject>Management systems</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>mikrobiologi</subject><subject>National parks</subject><subject>Original Articles</subject><subject>outbreak</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Regression coefficients</subject><subject>Seroepidemiologic Studies</subject><subject>Serology</subject><subject>Sympatric populations</subject><subject>tick-borne diseases</subject><subject>Viral diseases</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><subject>wildlife</subject><subject>Wildlife conservation</subject><subject>Wildlife habitats</subject><subject>Wildlife management</subject><subject>Zoonoses</subject><issn>1530-3667</issn><issn>1557-7759</issn><issn>1557-7759</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>1-M</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>D8T</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkc1v1DAQxS0EomXhyBVZ4sIliz_iODlWC_0QK4FUKEfLTsZbl8Te2snS5a_HYUuRkBCnGXl-fn7jh9BLSpaU1M3bnfmxZITRJSGsfISOqRCykFI0j-eek4JXlTxCz1K6yQStqXiKjngpREMoPUZ3a7eDNIb2G_4UIYFvAV94209zl_B4DfgSYthG2On-1zRYvIpuAO3xKvhNwOcwhBiv9ca1-BR2EPGVi1PCwePL_bDVY8yDr67vemcBO48_gN_r5-iJ1X2CF_d1gb6cvv-8Oi_WH88uVifroi1rOhZdXpKX0IDhpTYWOBEtawyvOciusjVjhmshO2sks9zW1lTSmq6lwHTZSOALtDzopu-wnYzaZu867lXQTqV-MjrORSVQlPI6P7ZAxT8vvHNXJyrEjZqGSdG6JlWZ-TcHfhvD7ZT_Ug0utdD32kOYkmJCVpWQ2WlGX_-F3oQp-rx-pmomm0rK8o-BNoaUItgHC5SoOXOVM1dz5mrOPPOv7lUnM0D3QP8OOQP8AMzH2vvegYE4_kf2JyUruww</recordid><startdate>20211001</startdate><enddate>20211001</enddate><creator>Obanda, Vincent</creator><creator>Agwanda, Bernard</creator><creator>Blanco-Penedo, Isabel</creator><creator>Mwangi, Irene Ann</creator><creator>King'ori, Edward</creator><creator>Omondi, George P</creator><creator>Ahlm, Clas</creator><creator>Evander, Magnus</creator><creator>Lwande, Olivia Wesula</creator><general>Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers</general><general>Mary Ann Liebert, Inc</general><scope>1-M</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>ADHXS</scope><scope>ADTPV</scope><scope>AOWAS</scope><scope>D8T</scope><scope>D93</scope><scope>ZZAVC</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4066-9046</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2041-4457</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6034-4807</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211001</creationdate><title>Livestock Presence Influences the Seroprevalence of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus on Sympatric Wildlife in Kenya</title><author>Obanda, Vincent ; Agwanda, Bernard ; Blanco-Penedo, Isabel ; Mwangi, Irene Ann ; King'ori, Edward ; Omondi, George P ; Ahlm, Clas ; Evander, Magnus ; Lwande, Olivia Wesula</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c481t-d10834e9eb34abfe305c29b383e7d6f822b3a57dfb72f3f8fb67fbdc1e2a497e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>African buffalo</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Animals, Wild</topic><topic>Antibodies, Viral</topic><topic>Antigens</topic><topic>Buffalo</topic><topic>Cattle</topic><topic>Cattle Diseases - epidemiology</topic><topic>Clinical Science</topic><topic>Conservation organizations</topic><topic>Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever</topic><topic>Crimean hemorrhagic fever</topic><topic>Ecosystem</topic><topic>emerging infectious diseases</topic><topic>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</topic><topic>Fever</topic><topic>Habitats</topic><topic>Hemorrhage</topic><topic>Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo</topic><topic>Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean - epidemiology</topic><topic>Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean - veterinary</topic><topic>Immunoglobulin G</topic><topic>Infectious Diseases</topic><topic>infektionssjukdomar</topic><topic>Kenya - epidemiology</topic><topic>Klinisk vetenskap</topic><topic>Life span</topic><topic>Livestock</topic><topic>Management systems</topic><topic>Microbiology</topic><topic>mikrobiologi</topic><topic>National parks</topic><topic>Original Articles</topic><topic>outbreak</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Regression coefficients</topic><topic>Seroepidemiologic Studies</topic><topic>Serology</topic><topic>Sympatric populations</topic><topic>tick-borne diseases</topic><topic>Viral diseases</topic><topic>Viruses</topic><topic>wildlife</topic><topic>Wildlife conservation</topic><topic>Wildlife habitats</topic><topic>Wildlife management</topic><topic>Zoonoses</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Obanda, Vincent</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Agwanda, Bernard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blanco-Penedo, Isabel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mwangi, Irene Ann</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>King'ori, Edward</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Omondi, George P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahlm, Clas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Evander, Magnus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lwande, Olivia Wesula</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet</creatorcontrib><collection>Mary Ann Liebert Online - Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>SWEPUB Umeå universitet full text</collection><collection>SwePub</collection><collection>SwePub Articles</collection><collection>SWEPUB Freely available online</collection><collection>SWEPUB Umeå universitet</collection><collection>SwePub Articles full text</collection><jtitle>Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Obanda, Vincent</au><au>Agwanda, Bernard</au><au>Blanco-Penedo, Isabel</au><au>Mwangi, Irene Ann</au><au>King'ori, Edward</au><au>Omondi, George P</au><au>Ahlm, Clas</au><au>Evander, Magnus</au><au>Lwande, Olivia Wesula</au><aucorp>Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Livestock Presence Influences the Seroprevalence of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus on Sympatric Wildlife in Kenya</atitle><jtitle>Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)</jtitle><addtitle>Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis</addtitle><date>2021-10-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>21</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>89</spage><epage>816</epage><pages>89-816</pages><issn>1530-3667</issn><issn>1557-7759</issn><eissn>1557-7759</eissn><abstract>Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is an emerging tick-borne zoonotic viral disease with the potential of causing public health emergencies. However, less is known about the role of wildlife and livestock in spreading the virus. Therefore, we aimed to assess how the interactions between African buffalo (
Syncerus caffer
) and cattle may influence the seroprevalence of CCHF across livestock-wildlife management systems in Kenya. The study included archived sera samples from buffalo and cattle from wildlife only habitats (Lake Nakuru National Park and Solio conservancy), open wildlife-livestock integrated habitats (Maasai Mara ecosystem and Meru National Park), and closed wildlife-livestock habitats (Ol Pejeta Conservancy) in Kenya. We analyzed 191 buffalo and 139 cattle sera using IDvet multispecies, double-antigen IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The seroprevalence toward Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) was significantly higher for buffalo compared to cattle (75.3% and 28.1%, respectively,
p
< 0.001). We obtained the highest seroprevalence among buffalo of 92.1% in closed wildlife only systems compared to 28.8% and 46.1% prevalence in closed-integrated and open-integrated systems, respectively. The regression coefficients were all negative for cattle compared to buffalo in both closed-integrated and open-integrated compared to wildlife only system. Our results show that CCHFV circulates among the diverse animal community in Kenya in spatially disconnected foci. The habitat overlap between cattle and buffalo makes cattle a “bridge species” or superspreader host for CCHFV and increases transmission risks to humans. The effect of animal management system on prevalence is depended on tick control on the cattle and not the animal
per se
. We conclude that buffalo, a host with a longer life span than livestock, is a reservoir and may serve as a sentinel population for longitudinal surveillance of CCHFV.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers</pub><pmid>34559011</pmid><doi>10.1089/vbz.2021.0024</doi><tpages>728</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4066-9046</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2041-4457</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6034-4807</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; SWEPUB Freely available online; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | African buffalo Animals Animals, Wild Antibodies, Viral Antigens Buffalo Cattle Cattle Diseases - epidemiology Clinical Science Conservation organizations Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever Crimean hemorrhagic fever Ecosystem emerging infectious diseases Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Fever Habitats Hemorrhage Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean - epidemiology Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean - veterinary Immunoglobulin G Infectious Diseases infektionssjukdomar Kenya - epidemiology Klinisk vetenskap Life span Livestock Management systems Microbiology mikrobiologi National parks Original Articles outbreak Public health Regression coefficients Seroepidemiologic Studies Serology Sympatric populations tick-borne diseases Viral diseases Viruses wildlife Wildlife conservation Wildlife habitats Wildlife management Zoonoses |
| title | Livestock Presence Influences the Seroprevalence of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus on Sympatric Wildlife in Kenya |
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