Eco-friendly synthesis of chromeno[4,3-]chromenes with a new photosensitized WO/ZnO@NH-EY nanocatalyst

A new heterogeneous photoredox nanocatalyst WO 3 /ZnO@NH 2 -EY (EY: eosin Y) was fabricated and characterized employing some instrumental techniques such as XRD, FT-IR, ICP, TGA, and SEM. The photocatalytic efficiency of the prepared material was investigated in the preparation of various chromeno[4,3- b ]chromenes via a simple and practical method. The chromene derivatives were prepared through the condensation of aromatic aldehydes, dimedone, and coumarin under an open-air atmosphere in the presence of a green LED under solventless conditions. The significant advantages of this new method include low reaction time, easy work-up, cost-effective, wide substrate scope, excellent yield, and complete atom economy of the final products. Moreover, the prepared photocatalyst could be frequently recovered up to four times with only a little decrease in the catalytic activity. Furthermore, the progress of the condensation reaction is demonstrated to occur via a radical mechanism, which shows that reactive species such as &z.rad;O 2 − and OH&z.rad; together with h + would be involved in the photocatalytic process. Stability and reusability studies also warranty good reproducibility of the nanocatalyst for at least 4 runs. Eventually, a hot filtration test ensured that the nanohybrid catalyst is stable in the reaction medium and its catalytic activity originates from the whole undecomposed conjugated composite. WO 3 /ZnO@NH 2 -EY is disclosed in the preparation of chromenes under air in the presence of a green LED. &z.rad;O 2 − , OH&z.rad;, and h + are proposed as reactive species and hot filtration test assured stability and reusability of the nanocatalyst.