The Role of Inflammation and Therapeutic Concepts in Diabetic Retinopathy-A Short Review
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) as a microangiopathy is the most common complication in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and remains the leading cause of blindness among adult population. DM in its complicated pathomechanism relates to chronic hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, dyslipidemia and hypertens...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of molecular sciences 2023-01, Vol.24 (2), p.1024 |
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| description | Diabetic retinopathy (DR) as a microangiopathy is the most common complication in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and remains the leading cause of blindness among adult population. DM in its complicated pathomechanism relates to chronic hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension-all these components in molecular pathways maintain oxidative stress, formation of advanced glycation end-products, microvascular changes, inflammation, and retinal neurodegeneration as one of the key players in diabetes-associated retinal perturbations. In this current review, we discuss the natural history of DR with special emphasis on ongoing inflammation and the key role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Additionally, we provide an overview of the principles of diabetic retinopathy treatments, i.e., in laser therapy, anti-VEGF and steroid options. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijms24021024 |
| format | Article |
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DM in its complicated pathomechanism relates to chronic hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension-all these components in molecular pathways maintain oxidative stress, formation of advanced glycation end-products, microvascular changes, inflammation, and retinal neurodegeneration as one of the key players in diabetes-associated retinal perturbations. In this current review, we discuss the natural history of DR with special emphasis on ongoing inflammation and the key role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). 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DM in its complicated pathomechanism relates to chronic hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension-all these components in molecular pathways maintain oxidative stress, formation of advanced glycation end-products, microvascular changes, inflammation, and retinal neurodegeneration as one of the key players in diabetes-associated retinal perturbations. In this current review, we discuss the natural history of DR with special emphasis on ongoing inflammation and the key role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Additionally, we provide an overview of the principles of diabetic retinopathy treatments, i.e., in laser therapy, anti-VEGF and steroid options.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Advanced glycosylation end products</subject><subject>Blood vessels</subject><subject>Cell adhesion & migration</subject><subject>Chemokines</subject><subject>Cytokines</subject><subject>Diabetes</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus</subject><subject>Diabetic retinopathy</subject><subject>Diabetic Retinopathy - etiology</subject><subject>Diabetic Retinopathy - metabolism</subject><subject>Diabetic Retinopathy - therapy</subject><subject>Disease</subject><subject>Dyslipidemia</subject><subject>Edema</subject><subject>Endothelium</subject><subject>Glucose</subject><subject>Glycosylation</subject><subject>Growth factors</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hyperglycemia</subject><subject>Hyperglycemia - complications</subject><subject>Hypertension</subject><subject>Hypoxia</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Inflammation - complications</subject><subject>Ischemia</subject><subject>Kinases</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Microvasculature</subject><subject>Mitochondrial DNA</subject><subject>Neurodegeneration</subject><subject>Oxidative stress</subject><subject>Pathogenesis</subject><subject>Permeability</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Retina</subject><subject>Retina - metabolism</subject><subject>Retinal detachment</subject><subject>Retinopathy</subject><subject>Review</subject><subject>Tumor necrosis factor-TNF</subject><subject>Vascular endothelial growth factor</subject><subject>Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A - metabolism</subject><subject>Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors</subject><issn>1422-0067</issn><issn>1661-6596</issn><issn>1422-0067</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkctLxDAQxoMoPlZvniXgxYPVdNKm7UWQ9QmC4AO8hWmaulnapCat4n9vl1VZvcwMMz8-ZuYjZD9mJ5wX7NTM2wAJg5hBska24wQgYkxk6yv1FtkJYc4YcEiLTbLFhciSlKfb5OVppumDazR1Nb21dYNti71xlqKt6Dj02OmhN4pOnVW66wM1ll4YLPWi-TBG6zrsZ5_ROX2cOd-PvXejP3bJRo1N0HvfeUKery6fpjfR3f317fT8LlJJDH3E07LCuMRaJSVLUIGosM51lUKleKY4pgqzGPIUBEARKy0yoQsOSnGFdQV8Qs6Wut1QtrpS2vYeG9l506L_lA6N_DuxZiZf3bsscpGwIh0Fjr4FvHsbdOhla4LSTYNWuyFIyEQ-_q0Q2Yge_kPnbvB2PG9BZcAZ5IuNjpeU8i4Er-vfZWImF5bJVctG_GD1gF_4xyP-BZUYkzs</recordid><startdate>20230105</startdate><enddate>20230105</enddate><creator>Gomułka, Krzysztof</creator><creator>Ruta, Michał</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7218-2961</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230105</creationdate><title>The Role of Inflammation and Therapeutic Concepts in Diabetic Retinopathy-A Short Review</title><author>Gomułka, Krzysztof ; Ruta, Michał</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c412t-35bda1bafc4b04ac26daf8ed52dc37c3a5ca71285262291ce676e932cc3cafd23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Advanced glycosylation end products</topic><topic>Blood vessels</topic><topic>Cell adhesion & migration</topic><topic>Chemokines</topic><topic>Cytokines</topic><topic>Diabetes</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus</topic><topic>Diabetic retinopathy</topic><topic>Diabetic Retinopathy - etiology</topic><topic>Diabetic Retinopathy - metabolism</topic><topic>Diabetic Retinopathy - therapy</topic><topic>Disease</topic><topic>Dyslipidemia</topic><topic>Edema</topic><topic>Endothelium</topic><topic>Glucose</topic><topic>Glycosylation</topic><topic>Growth factors</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hyperglycemia</topic><topic>Hyperglycemia - complications</topic><topic>Hypertension</topic><topic>Hypoxia</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Inflammation - complications</topic><topic>Ischemia</topic><topic>Kinases</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Microvasculature</topic><topic>Mitochondrial DNA</topic><topic>Neurodegeneration</topic><topic>Oxidative stress</topic><topic>Pathogenesis</topic><topic>Permeability</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Retina</topic><topic>Retina - metabolism</topic><topic>Retinal detachment</topic><topic>Retinopathy</topic><topic>Review</topic><topic>Tumor necrosis factor-TNF</topic><topic>Vascular endothelial growth factor</topic><topic>Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A - metabolism</topic><topic>Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Gomułka, Krzysztof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ruta, Michał</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>International journal of molecular sciences</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Gomułka, Krzysztof</au><au>Ruta, Michał</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Role of Inflammation and Therapeutic Concepts in Diabetic Retinopathy-A Short Review</atitle><jtitle>International journal of molecular sciences</jtitle><addtitle>Int J Mol Sci</addtitle><date>2023-01-05</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>1024</spage><pages>1024-</pages><issn>1422-0067</issn><issn>1661-6596</issn><eissn>1422-0067</eissn><abstract>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) as a microangiopathy is the most common complication in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and remains the leading cause of blindness among adult population. 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| ispartof | International journal of molecular sciences, 2023-01, Vol.24 (2), p.1024 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Adult Advanced glycosylation end products Blood vessels Cell adhesion & migration Chemokines Cytokines Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus Diabetic retinopathy Diabetic Retinopathy - etiology Diabetic Retinopathy - metabolism Diabetic Retinopathy - therapy Disease Dyslipidemia Edema Endothelium Glucose Glycosylation Growth factors Humans Hyperglycemia Hyperglycemia - complications Hypertension Hypoxia Inflammation Inflammation - complications Ischemia Kinases Metabolism Microvasculature Mitochondrial DNA Neurodegeneration Oxidative stress Pathogenesis Permeability Proteins Retina Retina - metabolism Retinal detachment Retinopathy Review Tumor necrosis factor-TNF Vascular endothelial growth factor Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A - metabolism Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors |
| title | The Role of Inflammation and Therapeutic Concepts in Diabetic Retinopathy-A Short Review |
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