Swimming exercise is a promising early intervention for autism‐like behavior in Shank3 deletion rats
Introduction SHANK3 is an important excitatory postsynaptic scaffold protein, and its mutations lead to genetic cause of neurodevelopmental diseases including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Philan McDermid syndrome (PMS), and intellectual disability (ID). Early prevention and treatment are importa...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | CNS neuroscience & therapeutics 2023-01, Vol.29 (1), p.78-90 |
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| creator | Xu, Dan Meng, Yunchen An, Shasha Meng, Wenshu Li, Hanran Zhang, Weinan Xue, Yaqi Lan, Xinyu Wang, Xiaoxi Li, Mingjuan Zhang, Xiaoyan Zhihao, Zhang Zhao, Yu Yang, Haodong Zhang, Chen Zhang, Rong Zhen, Zhiping |
| description | Introduction
SHANK3 is an important excitatory postsynaptic scaffold protein, and its mutations lead to genetic cause of neurodevelopmental diseases including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Philan McDermid syndrome (PMS), and intellectual disability (ID). Early prevention and treatment are important for Shank3 gene mutation disease. Swimming has been proven to have a positive effect on neurodegenerative diseases.
Methods
Shank3 gene exon 11–21 knockout rats were intervened by a 40 min/day, 5 day/week for 8‐week protocol. After the intervention, the rats were tested to behavioral measures such as learning and memory, and the volume and H‐spectrum of the brain were measured using MRI; hippocampal dendritic spines were measured using Golgi staining and laser confocal.
Results
The results showed that Shank3‐deficient rats had significant deficits in social memory, object recognition, and water maze learning decreased hippocampal volume and number of neurons, and lower levels of related scaffold proteins and receptor proteins were found in Shank3‐deficient rats.
Conclusion
It is suggested that early swimming exercise has a positive effect on Shank3 gene‐deficient rats, which provides a new therapeutic strategy for the prevention and recovery of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Eight weeks of swimming training make Shank3 knockout pups improve autistic‐like behaviors such as learning memory in rats, increase hippocampal volume, and increase dendritic spine complexity in hippocampal neurons. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/cns.13920 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_9804047</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2759658861</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4430-5454708e3d24d7a177149e161a4735eab616b8dafa88925065ec6a243c6994f3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kc1uEzEUhS0EoiWw6AsgS2zKIq3_x95UqiL-pIou0r3lzNxp3M7YqT2TNjsegWfkSTBJiQpS78ZX15_OPfZB6IiSE1rqtA75hHLDyAt0SCspp9II83Lfc3KA3uR8Q4hi2ujX6IArxmil-SFq5_e-7324xvAAqfYZsM_Y4VWKvc_buUvdBvswQFpDGHwMuI0Ju3Hwuf_142fnbwEvYOnWvox9wPOlC7ccN9DBlk5uyG_Rq9Z1Gd49nhN09fnT1ezr9OLyy7fZ-cW0FoKTqRRSVEQDb5hoKkerigoDVFEnKi7BLRRVC9241mltmCRKQq0cE7xWxoiWT9DZTnY1Lnpo6uI3uc6uku9d2tjovP33JvilvY5razQRpOyYoONHgRTvRsiDLb9QQ9e5AHHMllVMMG64UQX98B96E8cUyusKJY2SWitaqI87qk4x5wTt3gwl9k94toRnt-EV9v1T93vyb1oFON0B976DzfNKdvZ9vpP8DSP0pXw</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2759658861</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Swimming exercise is a promising early intervention for autism‐like behavior in Shank3 deletion rats</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Titles</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>Wiley Online Library All Journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Xu, Dan ; Meng, Yunchen ; An, Shasha ; Meng, Wenshu ; Li, Hanran ; Zhang, Weinan ; Xue, Yaqi ; Lan, Xinyu ; Wang, Xiaoxi ; Li, Mingjuan ; Zhang, Xiaoyan ; Zhihao, Zhang ; Zhao, Yu ; Yang, Haodong ; Zhang, Chen ; Zhang, Rong ; Zhen, Zhiping</creator><creatorcontrib>Xu, Dan ; Meng, Yunchen ; An, Shasha ; Meng, Wenshu ; Li, Hanran ; Zhang, Weinan ; Xue, Yaqi ; Lan, Xinyu ; Wang, Xiaoxi ; Li, Mingjuan ; Zhang, Xiaoyan ; Zhihao, Zhang ; Zhao, Yu ; Yang, Haodong ; Zhang, Chen ; Zhang, Rong ; Zhen, Zhiping</creatorcontrib><description>Introduction
SHANK3 is an important excitatory postsynaptic scaffold protein, and its mutations lead to genetic cause of neurodevelopmental diseases including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Philan McDermid syndrome (PMS), and intellectual disability (ID). Early prevention and treatment are important for Shank3 gene mutation disease. Swimming has been proven to have a positive effect on neurodegenerative diseases.
Methods
Shank3 gene exon 11–21 knockout rats were intervened by a 40 min/day, 5 day/week for 8‐week protocol. After the intervention, the rats were tested to behavioral measures such as learning and memory, and the volume and H‐spectrum of the brain were measured using MRI; hippocampal dendritic spines were measured using Golgi staining and laser confocal.
Results
The results showed that Shank3‐deficient rats had significant deficits in social memory, object recognition, and water maze learning decreased hippocampal volume and number of neurons, and lower levels of related scaffold proteins and receptor proteins were found in Shank3‐deficient rats.
Conclusion
It is suggested that early swimming exercise has a positive effect on Shank3 gene‐deficient rats, which provides a new therapeutic strategy for the prevention and recovery of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Eight weeks of swimming training make Shank3 knockout pups improve autistic‐like behaviors such as learning memory in rats, increase hippocampal volume, and increase dendritic spine complexity in hippocampal neurons.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1755-5930</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1755-5949</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/cns.13920</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36221783</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: John Wiley & Sons, Inc</publisher><subject>Animals ; Autism ; Autism Spectrum Disorder - genetics ; Autism Spectrum Disorder - therapy ; Autistic Disorder - genetics ; Autistic Disorder - therapy ; Behavior ; Behavior, Animal ; Brain research ; Dendritic spines ; early intervention ; Experiments ; Hippocampus ; Intellectual disabilities ; Laboratory animals ; Maze learning ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins - genetics ; Neurodegenerative diseases ; Neurodevelopmental disorders ; Original ; Pattern recognition ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Physical training ; Point mutation ; Rats ; Shank3 ; Social interactions ; Swimming ; Swimming accidents & safety ; swimming exercise ; Water sports</subject><ispartof>CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 2023-01, Vol.29 (1), p.78-90</ispartof><rights>2022 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2022 The Authors. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2023. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4430-5454708e3d24d7a177149e161a4735eab616b8dafa88925065ec6a243c6994f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4430-5454708e3d24d7a177149e161a4735eab616b8dafa88925065ec6a243c6994f3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-6593-4109</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9804047/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9804047/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,1416,11561,27923,27924,45573,45574,46051,46475,53790,53792</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36221783$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Xu, Dan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meng, Yunchen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>An, Shasha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meng, Wenshu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Hanran</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Weinan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xue, Yaqi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lan, Xinyu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Xiaoxi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Mingjuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Xiaoyan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhihao, Zhang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Yu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Haodong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Chen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Rong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhen, Zhiping</creatorcontrib><title>Swimming exercise is a promising early intervention for autism‐like behavior in Shank3 deletion rats</title><title>CNS neuroscience & therapeutics</title><addtitle>CNS Neurosci Ther</addtitle><description>Introduction
SHANK3 is an important excitatory postsynaptic scaffold protein, and its mutations lead to genetic cause of neurodevelopmental diseases including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Philan McDermid syndrome (PMS), and intellectual disability (ID). Early prevention and treatment are important for Shank3 gene mutation disease. Swimming has been proven to have a positive effect on neurodegenerative diseases.
Methods
Shank3 gene exon 11–21 knockout rats were intervened by a 40 min/day, 5 day/week for 8‐week protocol. After the intervention, the rats were tested to behavioral measures such as learning and memory, and the volume and H‐spectrum of the brain were measured using MRI; hippocampal dendritic spines were measured using Golgi staining and laser confocal.
Results
The results showed that Shank3‐deficient rats had significant deficits in social memory, object recognition, and water maze learning decreased hippocampal volume and number of neurons, and lower levels of related scaffold proteins and receptor proteins were found in Shank3‐deficient rats.
Conclusion
It is suggested that early swimming exercise has a positive effect on Shank3 gene‐deficient rats, which provides a new therapeutic strategy for the prevention and recovery of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Eight weeks of swimming training make Shank3 knockout pups improve autistic‐like behaviors such as learning memory in rats, increase hippocampal volume, and increase dendritic spine complexity in hippocampal neurons.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Autism</subject><subject>Autism Spectrum Disorder - genetics</subject><subject>Autism Spectrum Disorder - therapy</subject><subject>Autistic Disorder - genetics</subject><subject>Autistic Disorder - therapy</subject><subject>Behavior</subject><subject>Behavior, Animal</subject><subject>Brain research</subject><subject>Dendritic spines</subject><subject>early intervention</subject><subject>Experiments</subject><subject>Hippocampus</subject><subject>Intellectual disabilities</subject><subject>Laboratory animals</subject><subject>Maze learning</subject><subject>Mutation</subject><subject>Nerve Tissue Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Neurodegenerative diseases</subject><subject>Neurodevelopmental disorders</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>Pattern recognition</subject><subject>Physical Conditioning, Animal</subject><subject>Physical training</subject><subject>Point mutation</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Shank3</subject><subject>Social interactions</subject><subject>Swimming</subject><subject>Swimming accidents & safety</subject><subject>swimming exercise</subject><subject>Water sports</subject><issn>1755-5930</issn><issn>1755-5949</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>WIN</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kc1uEzEUhS0EoiWw6AsgS2zKIq3_x95UqiL-pIou0r3lzNxp3M7YqT2TNjsegWfkSTBJiQpS78ZX15_OPfZB6IiSE1rqtA75hHLDyAt0SCspp9II83Lfc3KA3uR8Q4hi2ujX6IArxmil-SFq5_e-7324xvAAqfYZsM_Y4VWKvc_buUvdBvswQFpDGHwMuI0Ju3Hwuf_142fnbwEvYOnWvox9wPOlC7ccN9DBlk5uyG_Rq9Z1Gd49nhN09fnT1ezr9OLyy7fZ-cW0FoKTqRRSVEQDb5hoKkerigoDVFEnKi7BLRRVC9241mltmCRKQq0cE7xWxoiWT9DZTnY1Lnpo6uI3uc6uku9d2tjovP33JvilvY5razQRpOyYoONHgRTvRsiDLb9QQ9e5AHHMllVMMG64UQX98B96E8cUyusKJY2SWitaqI87qk4x5wTt3gwl9k94toRnt-EV9v1T93vyb1oFON0B976DzfNKdvZ9vpP8DSP0pXw</recordid><startdate>202301</startdate><enddate>202301</enddate><creator>Xu, Dan</creator><creator>Meng, Yunchen</creator><creator>An, Shasha</creator><creator>Meng, Wenshu</creator><creator>Li, Hanran</creator><creator>Zhang, Weinan</creator><creator>Xue, Yaqi</creator><creator>Lan, Xinyu</creator><creator>Wang, Xiaoxi</creator><creator>Li, Mingjuan</creator><creator>Zhang, Xiaoyan</creator><creator>Zhihao, Zhang</creator><creator>Zhao, Yu</creator><creator>Yang, Haodong</creator><creator>Zhang, Chen</creator><creator>Zhang, Rong</creator><creator>Zhen, Zhiping</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><general>John Wiley and Sons Inc</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6593-4109</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202301</creationdate><title>Swimming exercise is a promising early intervention for autism‐like behavior in Shank3 deletion rats</title><author>Xu, Dan ; Meng, Yunchen ; An, Shasha ; Meng, Wenshu ; Li, Hanran ; Zhang, Weinan ; Xue, Yaqi ; Lan, Xinyu ; Wang, Xiaoxi ; Li, Mingjuan ; Zhang, Xiaoyan ; Zhihao, Zhang ; Zhao, Yu ; Yang, Haodong ; Zhang, Chen ; Zhang, Rong ; Zhen, Zhiping</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4430-5454708e3d24d7a177149e161a4735eab616b8dafa88925065ec6a243c6994f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Autism</topic><topic>Autism Spectrum Disorder - genetics</topic><topic>Autism Spectrum Disorder - therapy</topic><topic>Autistic Disorder - genetics</topic><topic>Autistic Disorder - therapy</topic><topic>Behavior</topic><topic>Behavior, Animal</topic><topic>Brain research</topic><topic>Dendritic spines</topic><topic>early intervention</topic><topic>Experiments</topic><topic>Hippocampus</topic><topic>Intellectual disabilities</topic><topic>Laboratory animals</topic><topic>Maze learning</topic><topic>Mutation</topic><topic>Nerve Tissue Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Neurodegenerative diseases</topic><topic>Neurodevelopmental disorders</topic><topic>Original</topic><topic>Pattern recognition</topic><topic>Physical Conditioning, Animal</topic><topic>Physical training</topic><topic>Point mutation</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Shank3</topic><topic>Social interactions</topic><topic>Swimming</topic><topic>Swimming accidents & safety</topic><topic>swimming exercise</topic><topic>Water sports</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Xu, Dan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meng, Yunchen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>An, Shasha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meng, Wenshu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Hanran</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Weinan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xue, Yaqi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lan, Xinyu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Xiaoxi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Mingjuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Xiaoyan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhihao, Zhang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Yu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Haodong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Chen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Rong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhen, Zhiping</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Wiley Free Content</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>CNS neuroscience & therapeutics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Xu, Dan</au><au>Meng, Yunchen</au><au>An, Shasha</au><au>Meng, Wenshu</au><au>Li, Hanran</au><au>Zhang, Weinan</au><au>Xue, Yaqi</au><au>Lan, Xinyu</au><au>Wang, Xiaoxi</au><au>Li, Mingjuan</au><au>Zhang, Xiaoyan</au><au>Zhihao, Zhang</au><au>Zhao, Yu</au><au>Yang, Haodong</au><au>Zhang, Chen</au><au>Zhang, Rong</au><au>Zhen, Zhiping</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Swimming exercise is a promising early intervention for autism‐like behavior in Shank3 deletion rats</atitle><jtitle>CNS neuroscience & therapeutics</jtitle><addtitle>CNS Neurosci Ther</addtitle><date>2023-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>29</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>78</spage><epage>90</epage><pages>78-90</pages><issn>1755-5930</issn><eissn>1755-5949</eissn><abstract>Introduction
SHANK3 is an important excitatory postsynaptic scaffold protein, and its mutations lead to genetic cause of neurodevelopmental diseases including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Philan McDermid syndrome (PMS), and intellectual disability (ID). Early prevention and treatment are important for Shank3 gene mutation disease. Swimming has been proven to have a positive effect on neurodegenerative diseases.
Methods
Shank3 gene exon 11–21 knockout rats were intervened by a 40 min/day, 5 day/week for 8‐week protocol. After the intervention, the rats were tested to behavioral measures such as learning and memory, and the volume and H‐spectrum of the brain were measured using MRI; hippocampal dendritic spines were measured using Golgi staining and laser confocal.
Results
The results showed that Shank3‐deficient rats had significant deficits in social memory, object recognition, and water maze learning decreased hippocampal volume and number of neurons, and lower levels of related scaffold proteins and receptor proteins were found in Shank3‐deficient rats.
Conclusion
It is suggested that early swimming exercise has a positive effect on Shank3 gene‐deficient rats, which provides a new therapeutic strategy for the prevention and recovery of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Eight weeks of swimming training make Shank3 knockout pups improve autistic‐like behaviors such as learning memory in rats, increase hippocampal volume, and increase dendritic spine complexity in hippocampal neurons.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</pub><pmid>36221783</pmid><doi>10.1111/cns.13920</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6593-4109</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animals Autism Autism Spectrum Disorder - genetics Autism Spectrum Disorder - therapy Autistic Disorder - genetics Autistic Disorder - therapy Behavior Behavior, Animal Brain research Dendritic spines early intervention Experiments Hippocampus Intellectual disabilities Laboratory animals Maze learning Mutation Nerve Tissue Proteins - genetics Neurodegenerative diseases Neurodevelopmental disorders Original Pattern recognition Physical Conditioning, Animal Physical training Point mutation Rats Shank3 Social interactions Swimming Swimming accidents & safety swimming exercise Water sports |
| title | Swimming exercise is a promising early intervention for autism‐like behavior in Shank3 deletion rats |
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