Fear and avoidance of eye contact in social anxiety disorder
Abstract Background Excessive fear of scrutiny is a defining feature of social anxiety disorder. Eye contact may trigger feelings of being scrutinized, and although eye contact is commonly feared in persons with social anxiety disorder, it has been studied little. The purpose of this study was to ch...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Comprehensive psychiatry 2011-01, Vol.52 (1), p.81-87 |
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| creator | Schneier, Franklin R Rodebaugh, Thomas L Blanco, Carlos Lewin, Hillary Liebowitz, Michael R |
| description | Abstract Background Excessive fear of scrutiny is a defining feature of social anxiety disorder. Eye contact may trigger feelings of being scrutinized, and although eye contact is commonly feared in persons with social anxiety disorder, it has been studied little. The purpose of this study was to characterize fear and avoidance of eye contact in patients with social anxiety disorder and in nonpatient samples. Methods Gaze fears and avoidance, social anxiety, and depression were assessed in 44 patients with generalized social anxiety disorder, 17 matched healthy comparison subjects, and 79 undergraduates. Patients were reassessed after 8 to 12 weeks of treatment with paroxetine. A new self-report instrument, the Gaze Anxiety Rating Scale (GARS), was used to assess fear and avoidance of eye contact, and its psychometric properties were analyzed. Results Patients with generalized social anxiety disorder, in comparison with healthy control participants, reported significantly increased levels of fear and avoidance of eye contact, which decreased significantly after 8 to 12 weeks of treatment with paroxetine. Fear and avoidance of eye contact were significantly associated with severity of social anxiety in all 3 samples. The GARS demonstrated excellent internal consistency within each sample. Conclusions Self-reported fear and avoidance of eye contact are associated with social anxiety in both nonpatient and social anxiety disorder samples. Preliminary psychometric analyses suggest that the GARS has utility in the assessment of gaze anxiety. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.04.006 |
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Eye contact may trigger feelings of being scrutinized, and although eye contact is commonly feared in persons with social anxiety disorder, it has been studied little. The purpose of this study was to characterize fear and avoidance of eye contact in patients with social anxiety disorder and in nonpatient samples. Methods Gaze fears and avoidance, social anxiety, and depression were assessed in 44 patients with generalized social anxiety disorder, 17 matched healthy comparison subjects, and 79 undergraduates. Patients were reassessed after 8 to 12 weeks of treatment with paroxetine. A new self-report instrument, the Gaze Anxiety Rating Scale (GARS), was used to assess fear and avoidance of eye contact, and its psychometric properties were analyzed. Results Patients with generalized social anxiety disorder, in comparison with healthy control participants, reported significantly increased levels of fear and avoidance of eye contact, which decreased significantly after 8 to 12 weeks of treatment with paroxetine. Fear and avoidance of eye contact were significantly associated with severity of social anxiety in all 3 samples. The GARS demonstrated excellent internal consistency within each sample. Conclusions Self-reported fear and avoidance of eye contact are associated with social anxiety in both nonpatient and social anxiety disorder samples. Preliminary psychometric analyses suggest that the GARS has utility in the assessment of gaze anxiety.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0010-440X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1532-8384</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.04.006</identifier><identifier>PMID: 21220069</identifier><identifier>CODEN: COPYAV</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Anxiety ; Autism ; Behavior modification ; Bulimia ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Depression - psychology ; Fear & phobias ; Fear - psychology ; Female ; Fixation, Ocular ; Humans ; Male ; Mental disorders ; Neurosciences ; Phobic Disorders - psychology ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Psychiatry ; Shyness ; Social Behavior ; Studies ; Validity ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Comprehensive psychiatry, 2011-01, Vol.52 (1), p.81-87</ispartof><rights>Elsevier Inc.</rights><rights>2011 Elsevier Inc.</rights><rights>2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c623t-df2b78cff4ee1cae2d1ae5398ddd5b24b8d91177f835d6344d0e6bd3f3241f463</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c623t-df2b78cff4ee1cae2d1ae5398ddd5b24b8d91177f835d6344d0e6bd3f3241f463</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X10000398$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,3537,27903,27904,65309</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220069$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Schneier, Franklin R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rodebaugh, Thomas L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blanco, Carlos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lewin, Hillary</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liebowitz, Michael R</creatorcontrib><title>Fear and avoidance of eye contact in social anxiety disorder</title><title>Comprehensive psychiatry</title><addtitle>Compr Psychiatry</addtitle><description>Abstract Background Excessive fear of scrutiny is a defining feature of social anxiety disorder. Eye contact may trigger feelings of being scrutinized, and although eye contact is commonly feared in persons with social anxiety disorder, it has been studied little. The purpose of this study was to characterize fear and avoidance of eye contact in patients with social anxiety disorder and in nonpatient samples. Methods Gaze fears and avoidance, social anxiety, and depression were assessed in 44 patients with generalized social anxiety disorder, 17 matched healthy comparison subjects, and 79 undergraduates. Patients were reassessed after 8 to 12 weeks of treatment with paroxetine. A new self-report instrument, the Gaze Anxiety Rating Scale (GARS), was used to assess fear and avoidance of eye contact, and its psychometric properties were analyzed. Results Patients with generalized social anxiety disorder, in comparison with healthy control participants, reported significantly increased levels of fear and avoidance of eye contact, which decreased significantly after 8 to 12 weeks of treatment with paroxetine. Fear and avoidance of eye contact were significantly associated with severity of social anxiety in all 3 samples. The GARS demonstrated excellent internal consistency within each sample. Conclusions Self-reported fear and avoidance of eye contact are associated with social anxiety in both nonpatient and social anxiety disorder samples. Preliminary psychometric analyses suggest that the GARS has utility in the assessment of gaze anxiety.</description><subject>Anxiety</subject><subject>Autism</subject><subject>Behavior modification</subject><subject>Bulimia</subject><subject>Chi-Square Distribution</subject><subject>Depression - psychology</subject><subject>Fear & phobias</subject><subject>Fear - psychology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fixation, Ocular</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mental disorders</subject><subject>Neurosciences</subject><subject>Phobic Disorders - psychology</subject><subject>Psychiatric Status Rating Scales</subject><subject>Psychiatry</subject><subject>Shyness</subject><subject>Social Behavior</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Validity</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0010-440X</issn><issn>1532-8384</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkl9rFDEUxYNY7Fr9Cjrgg0-z5t_MZEAKpVgVCn1oBd8umeTGZp1N1mR2cb-9Gbau2iefArm_e5JzzyXkNaNLRln7brU0cb3Z5L25X3JabqlcUto-IQvWCF4roeRTsqClUktJv56S5zmvKKVKKfmMnHLGecH7BXl_hTpVOthK76K3Ohisoqtwj5WJYdJmqnyocjRejwX76XHaV9bnmCymF-TE6THjy4fzjHy5-nB3-am-vvn4-fLiujYtF1NtHR86ZZyTiMxo5JZpbESvrLXNwOWgbM9Y1zklGtsKKS3FdrDCCS6Zk604I-cH3c12WKM1GKakR9gkv9ZpD1F7-LcS_D18izvoO8E63heBtw8CKf7YYp5g7bPBcdQB4zaDEp1sRCdm8s0jchW3KRR3wCjvlWo5Y4XqDpRJMeeE7vgXRmEOCFZwDAjmgIBKKBMvna_-tnLs-51IAS4OAJaB7jwmyMZjicX6hGYCG_1_PHL-SMOMPnijx-8l2PzHEWQOFG7nPZnXhJUNoSUX8Qv7rLuu</recordid><startdate>20110101</startdate><enddate>20110101</enddate><creator>Schneier, Franklin R</creator><creator>Rodebaugh, Thomas L</creator><creator>Blanco, Carlos</creator><creator>Lewin, Hillary</creator><creator>Liebowitz, Michael R</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><general>Elsevier Limited</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20110101</creationdate><title>Fear and avoidance of eye contact in social anxiety disorder</title><author>Schneier, Franklin R ; Rodebaugh, Thomas L ; Blanco, Carlos ; Lewin, Hillary ; Liebowitz, Michael R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c623t-df2b78cff4ee1cae2d1ae5398ddd5b24b8d91177f835d6344d0e6bd3f3241f463</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Anxiety</topic><topic>Autism</topic><topic>Behavior modification</topic><topic>Bulimia</topic><topic>Chi-Square Distribution</topic><topic>Depression - psychology</topic><topic>Fear & phobias</topic><topic>Fear - psychology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fixation, Ocular</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mental disorders</topic><topic>Neurosciences</topic><topic>Phobic Disorders - psychology</topic><topic>Psychiatric Status Rating Scales</topic><topic>Psychiatry</topic><topic>Shyness</topic><topic>Social Behavior</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Validity</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Schneier, Franklin R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rodebaugh, Thomas L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blanco, Carlos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lewin, Hillary</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liebowitz, Michael R</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Psychology</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Comprehensive psychiatry</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Schneier, Franklin R</au><au>Rodebaugh, Thomas L</au><au>Blanco, Carlos</au><au>Lewin, Hillary</au><au>Liebowitz, Michael R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Fear and avoidance of eye contact in social anxiety disorder</atitle><jtitle>Comprehensive psychiatry</jtitle><addtitle>Compr Psychiatry</addtitle><date>2011-01-01</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>52</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>81</spage><epage>87</epage><pages>81-87</pages><issn>0010-440X</issn><eissn>1532-8384</eissn><coden>COPYAV</coden><abstract>Abstract Background Excessive fear of scrutiny is a defining feature of social anxiety disorder. Eye contact may trigger feelings of being scrutinized, and although eye contact is commonly feared in persons with social anxiety disorder, it has been studied little. The purpose of this study was to characterize fear and avoidance of eye contact in patients with social anxiety disorder and in nonpatient samples. Methods Gaze fears and avoidance, social anxiety, and depression were assessed in 44 patients with generalized social anxiety disorder, 17 matched healthy comparison subjects, and 79 undergraduates. Patients were reassessed after 8 to 12 weeks of treatment with paroxetine. A new self-report instrument, the Gaze Anxiety Rating Scale (GARS), was used to assess fear and avoidance of eye contact, and its psychometric properties were analyzed. Results Patients with generalized social anxiety disorder, in comparison with healthy control participants, reported significantly increased levels of fear and avoidance of eye contact, which decreased significantly after 8 to 12 weeks of treatment with paroxetine. Fear and avoidance of eye contact were significantly associated with severity of social anxiety in all 3 samples. The GARS demonstrated excellent internal consistency within each sample. Conclusions Self-reported fear and avoidance of eye contact are associated with social anxiety in both nonpatient and social anxiety disorder samples. Preliminary psychometric analyses suggest that the GARS has utility in the assessment of gaze anxiety.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>21220069</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.04.006</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Anxiety Autism Behavior modification Bulimia Chi-Square Distribution Depression - psychology Fear & phobias Fear - psychology Female Fixation, Ocular Humans Male Mental disorders Neurosciences Phobic Disorders - psychology Psychiatric Status Rating Scales Psychiatry Shyness Social Behavior Studies Validity Young Adult |
| title | Fear and avoidance of eye contact in social anxiety disorder |
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