Factors Associated with Anxiety, Depression, and Stress in Peruvian University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic, university students have adopted measures that completely transformed their educational environment, and this has generated an increase in psychological stress. The present study aimed to identify the factors associated with anxiety, depression, and stress in students a...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of environmental research and public health 2022-11, Vol.19 (21), p.14591 |
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| creator | Hernández-Yépez, Palmer J Muñoz-Pino, Carlos O Ayala-Laurel, Valeria Contreras-Carmona, Pavel J Inga-Berrospi, Fiorella Vera-Ponce, Víctor J Failoc-Rojas, Virgilo E Pereira-Victorio, César Johan Valladares-Garrido, Mario J |
| description | During the COVID-19 pandemic, university students have adopted measures that completely transformed their educational environment, and this has generated an increase in psychological stress. The present study aimed to identify the factors associated with anxiety, depression, and stress in students at a university in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. We conducted a cross-sectional analytical study in students in Lima, Peru. The DASS-21 scale was used to measure levels of depression, anxiety, and stress and associate it with socio-educational and COVID-19-related variables using generalized linear models with Poisson distribution, log link, and robust variance. Of 400 students surveyed, 19.2%, 23.2% and 17.2% of students presented depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. The frequency of depression (PR = 0.91, 95%CI: 0.84-0.99), anxiety (PR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.83-0.99) and stress (PR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.86-0.99) was lower in women. The students of the engineering and business faculty presented a higher frequency of anxiety (PR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.00-1.22). There was a greater frequency of presenting anxiety, depression and stress in students who worked in a different area of health or did not work. Our results suggest the importance of promoting mental health awareness campaigns in university students due to the constant academic load they have. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijerph192114591 |
| format | Article |
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The present study aimed to identify the factors associated with anxiety, depression, and stress in students at a university in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. We conducted a cross-sectional analytical study in students in Lima, Peru. The DASS-21 scale was used to measure levels of depression, anxiety, and stress and associate it with socio-educational and COVID-19-related variables using generalized linear models with Poisson distribution, log link, and robust variance. Of 400 students surveyed, 19.2%, 23.2% and 17.2% of students presented depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. The frequency of depression (PR = 0.91, 95%CI: 0.84-0.99), anxiety (PR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.83-0.99) and stress (PR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.86-0.99) was lower in women. The students of the engineering and business faculty presented a higher frequency of anxiety (PR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.00-1.22). There was a greater frequency of presenting anxiety, depression and stress in students who worked in a different area of health or did not work. Our results suggest the importance of promoting mental health awareness campaigns in university students due to the constant academic load they have.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-7827</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114591</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36361473</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Anxiety ; Anxiety - epidemiology ; Anxiety - psychology ; Careers ; Confidentiality ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 - epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depression - epidemiology ; Depression - psychology ; Engineering ; Engineering education ; Environmental education ; Female ; Generalized linear models ; Health sciences ; Humans ; Medical students ; Mental depression ; Mental disorders ; Mental Health ; Pandemics ; Peru - epidemiology ; Poisson distribution ; Political science ; Population ; Psychological stress ; Regression analysis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sociodemographics ; Statistical models ; Stress ; Stress, Psychological - epidemiology ; Stress, Psychological - psychology ; Students ; Students - psychology ; Universities ; University students ; Variables</subject><ispartof>International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022-11, Vol.19 (21), p.14591</ispartof><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2022 by the authors. 2022</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c421t-5d49fb90a42e4057d739909a465cd85366a58d365c0e0cfc770f9fc2a29bd77c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c421t-5d49fb90a42e4057d739909a465cd85366a58d365c0e0cfc770f9fc2a29bd77c3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7736-4553 ; 0000-0003-1700-2638 ; 0000-0003-0839-2419 ; 0000-0003-4580-6430</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9658392/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9658392/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27903,27904,53769,53771</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36361473$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hernández-Yépez, Palmer J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muñoz-Pino, Carlos O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ayala-Laurel, Valeria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Contreras-Carmona, Pavel J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Inga-Berrospi, Fiorella</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vera-Ponce, Víctor J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Failoc-Rojas, Virgilo E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pereira-Victorio, César Johan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Valladares-Garrido, Mario J</creatorcontrib><title>Factors Associated with Anxiety, Depression, and Stress in Peruvian University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic</title><title>International journal of environmental research and public health</title><addtitle>Int J Environ Res Public Health</addtitle><description>During the COVID-19 pandemic, university students have adopted measures that completely transformed their educational environment, and this has generated an increase in psychological stress. The present study aimed to identify the factors associated with anxiety, depression, and stress in students at a university in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. We conducted a cross-sectional analytical study in students in Lima, Peru. The DASS-21 scale was used to measure levels of depression, anxiety, and stress and associate it with socio-educational and COVID-19-related variables using generalized linear models with Poisson distribution, log link, and robust variance. Of 400 students surveyed, 19.2%, 23.2% and 17.2% of students presented depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. The frequency of depression (PR = 0.91, 95%CI: 0.84-0.99), anxiety (PR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.83-0.99) and stress (PR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.86-0.99) was lower in women. The students of the engineering and business faculty presented a higher frequency of anxiety (PR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.00-1.22). There was a greater frequency of presenting anxiety, depression and stress in students who worked in a different area of health or did not work. Our results suggest the importance of promoting mental health awareness campaigns in university students due to the constant academic load they have.</description><subject>Anxiety</subject><subject>Anxiety - epidemiology</subject><subject>Anxiety - psychology</subject><subject>Careers</subject><subject>Confidentiality</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 - epidemiology</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Depression - epidemiology</subject><subject>Depression - psychology</subject><subject>Engineering</subject><subject>Engineering education</subject><subject>Environmental education</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Generalized linear models</subject><subject>Health sciences</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Medical students</subject><subject>Mental depression</subject><subject>Mental disorders</subject><subject>Mental Health</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Peru - epidemiology</subject><subject>Poisson distribution</subject><subject>Political science</subject><subject>Population</subject><subject>Psychological stress</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>SARS-CoV-2</subject><subject>Sociodemographics</subject><subject>Statistical models</subject><subject>Stress</subject><subject>Stress, Psychological - 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The present study aimed to identify the factors associated with anxiety, depression, and stress in students at a university in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. We conducted a cross-sectional analytical study in students in Lima, Peru. The DASS-21 scale was used to measure levels of depression, anxiety, and stress and associate it with socio-educational and COVID-19-related variables using generalized linear models with Poisson distribution, log link, and robust variance. Of 400 students surveyed, 19.2%, 23.2% and 17.2% of students presented depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. The frequency of depression (PR = 0.91, 95%CI: 0.84-0.99), anxiety (PR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.83-0.99) and stress (PR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.86-0.99) was lower in women. The students of the engineering and business faculty presented a higher frequency of anxiety (PR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.00-1.22). 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| ispartof | International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022-11, Vol.19 (21), p.14591 |
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| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; PubMed Central Open Access |
| subjects | Anxiety Anxiety - epidemiology Anxiety - psychology Careers Confidentiality Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 - epidemiology Cross-Sectional Studies Depression - epidemiology Depression - psychology Engineering Engineering education Environmental education Female Generalized linear models Health sciences Humans Medical students Mental depression Mental disorders Mental Health Pandemics Peru - epidemiology Poisson distribution Political science Population Psychological stress Regression analysis SARS-CoV-2 Sociodemographics Statistical models Stress Stress, Psychological - epidemiology Stress, Psychological - psychology Students Students - psychology Universities University students Variables |
| title | Factors Associated with Anxiety, Depression, and Stress in Peruvian University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic |
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