Effect of Foot Reflexology on Muscle Electrical Activity, Pressure, Plantar Distribution, and Body Sway in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
To verify the effect of foot reflexology on the electrical muscle activity of the lateral and medial gastrocnemius muscle, and to examine the distribution, plantar pressure, and body sway in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This pilot randomized controlled trial enrolled 17 volunteers who wer...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of environmental research and public health 2022-11, Vol.19 (21), p.14547 |
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| creator | Toledo, Thais Gebin Freire, Larissa Alves Moreira Reis, Luciana Maria Dos Terra, Andréia Maria Silva Vilela Santos, Adriana Teresa Silva |
| description | To verify the effect of foot reflexology on the electrical muscle activity of the lateral and medial gastrocnemius muscle, and to examine the distribution, plantar pressure, and body sway in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
This pilot randomized controlled trial enrolled 17 volunteers who were clinically diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The sample was assigned to one of two groups: the control group (CG, n = 7), who received information on foot care and health, and the intervention group (IG, n = 10), who received the application of foot reflexology on specific areas of the feet, for 10 consecutive days. There was blinding of the evaluator and the therapist. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to assess the electrical activity of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles in maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and isotonic contraction (IC); baropodometry and stabilometry were used to analyze unloading, plantar weight distribution, and body sway.
There was a statistically significant difference for the variables of maximum peak electrical activity of the left medial gastrocnemius (
= 0.03; effect size = 0.87 and power = 0.81) and left lateral gastrocnemius muscles (
= 0.04, effect size = 0.70 and power = 0.66) respectively, in the intragroup IC, and median frequency of the left medial gastrocnemius muscle in the intragroup MVIC (
= 0.03; effect size = 0.64 and power = 0.59), and in the variables intergroups of the total area on the right side (
= 0.04; effect size = 1.03 and power = 0.50) and forefoot area on the left side (
= 0.02; effect size = 0.51 and power = 0.16).
We conclude that foot reflexology influenced some variables of the intergroup plantar distribution and intragroup EMG in the sample studied. There is a need for a placebo group, a larger sample and a follow-up to strengthen the findings of these experiments. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijerph192114547 |
| format | Article |
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This pilot randomized controlled trial enrolled 17 volunteers who were clinically diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The sample was assigned to one of two groups: the control group (CG, n = 7), who received information on foot care and health, and the intervention group (IG, n = 10), who received the application of foot reflexology on specific areas of the feet, for 10 consecutive days. There was blinding of the evaluator and the therapist. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to assess the electrical activity of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles in maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and isotonic contraction (IC); baropodometry and stabilometry were used to analyze unloading, plantar weight distribution, and body sway.
There was a statistically significant difference for the variables of maximum peak electrical activity of the left medial gastrocnemius (
= 0.03; effect size = 0.87 and power = 0.81) and left lateral gastrocnemius muscles (
= 0.04, effect size = 0.70 and power = 0.66) respectively, in the intragroup IC, and median frequency of the left medial gastrocnemius muscle in the intragroup MVIC (
= 0.03; effect size = 0.64 and power = 0.59), and in the variables intergroups of the total area on the right side (
= 0.04; effect size = 1.03 and power = 0.50) and forefoot area on the left side (
= 0.02; effect size = 0.51 and power = 0.16).
We conclude that foot reflexology influenced some variables of the intergroup plantar distribution and intragroup EMG in the sample studied. There is a need for a placebo group, a larger sample and a follow-up to strengthen the findings of these experiments.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-7827</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114547</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36361426</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Clinical trials ; Diabetes ; Diabetes mellitus ; Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent) ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diabetic neuropathy ; Electromyography ; Feet ; Foot - physiology ; Foot diseases ; Gastrocnemius muscle ; Health care ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Immunoglobulins ; Informed consent ; Manipulative therapy ; Muscle contraction ; Muscle, Skeletal - physiology ; Muscles ; Musculoskeletal Manipulations ; Pain ; Pilot Projects ; Plantar pressure ; Quality of life ; Reflexology ; Statistical analysis</subject><ispartof>International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022-11, Vol.19 (21), p.14547</ispartof><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2022 by the authors. 2022</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c421t-1a2833b384100f56438e8b6c81d00f1a292d8190101d2744fc46f662aa947fb03</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c421t-1a2833b384100f56438e8b6c81d00f1a292d8190101d2744fc46f662aa947fb03</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-9510-0017 ; 0000-0002-0672-7804 ; 0000-0002-1255-8429 ; 0000-0001-5833-8635</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9655389/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9655389/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27903,27904,53770,53772</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36361426$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Toledo, Thais Gebin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Freire, Larissa Alves Moreira</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reis, Luciana Maria Dos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Terra, Andréia Maria Silva Vilela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santos, Adriana Teresa Silva</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of Foot Reflexology on Muscle Electrical Activity, Pressure, Plantar Distribution, and Body Sway in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial</title><title>International journal of environmental research and public health</title><addtitle>Int J Environ Res Public Health</addtitle><description>To verify the effect of foot reflexology on the electrical muscle activity of the lateral and medial gastrocnemius muscle, and to examine the distribution, plantar pressure, and body sway in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
This pilot randomized controlled trial enrolled 17 volunteers who were clinically diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The sample was assigned to one of two groups: the control group (CG, n = 7), who received information on foot care and health, and the intervention group (IG, n = 10), who received the application of foot reflexology on specific areas of the feet, for 10 consecutive days. There was blinding of the evaluator and the therapist. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to assess the electrical activity of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles in maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and isotonic contraction (IC); baropodometry and stabilometry were used to analyze unloading, plantar weight distribution, and body sway.
There was a statistically significant difference for the variables of maximum peak electrical activity of the left medial gastrocnemius (
= 0.03; effect size = 0.87 and power = 0.81) and left lateral gastrocnemius muscles (
= 0.04, effect size = 0.70 and power = 0.66) respectively, in the intragroup IC, and median frequency of the left medial gastrocnemius muscle in the intragroup MVIC (
= 0.03; effect size = 0.64 and power = 0.59), and in the variables intergroups of the total area on the right side (
= 0.04; effect size = 1.03 and power = 0.50) and forefoot area on the left side (
= 0.02; effect size = 0.51 and power = 0.16).
We conclude that foot reflexology influenced some variables of the intergroup plantar distribution and intragroup EMG in the sample studied. There is a need for a placebo group, a larger sample and a follow-up to strengthen the findings of these experiments.</description><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Diabetes</subject><subject>Diabetes mellitus</subject><subject>Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent)</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2</subject><subject>Diabetic neuropathy</subject><subject>Electromyography</subject><subject>Feet</subject><subject>Foot - physiology</subject><subject>Foot diseases</subject><subject>Gastrocnemius muscle</subject><subject>Health care</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hyperglycemia</subject><subject>Immunoglobulins</subject><subject>Informed consent</subject><subject>Manipulative therapy</subject><subject>Muscle contraction</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - physiology</subject><subject>Muscles</subject><subject>Musculoskeletal Manipulations</subject><subject>Pain</subject><subject>Pilot Projects</subject><subject>Plantar pressure</subject><subject>Quality of life</subject><subject>Reflexology</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><issn>1660-4601</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkkFvEzEQhVcIREvhzA2NxIVDQ-2119nlgBTSFJBaEUE4r7zecePIsYPtbdn-MH4fjlqq0pOfNd88zZNeUbym5D1jDTkxGwy7NW1KSnnFp0-KQyoEmXBB6NMH-qB4EeOGEFZz0TwvDphggvJSHBZ_FlqjSuA1nHmf4Dtqi7-99ZcjeAcXQ1QWYWEzE4ySFmYqmSuTxmNYBoxxCJiVlS7JAKcmZqobkvHuGKTr4ZPvR_hxLUcwDpYyGXQpwrVJa1iNO4Qy78gOE0a4QGtNGuIHmMHS2P0t2cFvzQ32MPcuBW9tlqtgpH1ZPNPSRnx19x4VP88Wq_mXyfm3z1_ns_OJ4iVNEyrLmrEux6aE6EpwVmPdCVXTPv_ztCn7mjaEEtqXU8614kILUUrZ8KnuCDsqPt767oZui73K5wdp210wWxnG1kvT_j9xZt1e-qu2EVXF6iYbvLszCP7XgDG1WxNVjiod-iG25ZRVtRA1pRl9-wjd-CG4HG9PccF4M90bntxSKvgYA-r7Yyhp951oH3Uib7x5mOGe_1cC9hfmFbU0</recordid><startdate>20221105</startdate><enddate>20221105</enddate><creator>Toledo, Thais Gebin</creator><creator>Freire, Larissa Alves Moreira</creator><creator>Reis, Luciana Maria Dos</creator><creator>Terra, Andréia Maria Silva Vilela</creator><creator>Santos, Adriana Teresa Silva</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9510-0017</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0672-7804</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1255-8429</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5833-8635</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20221105</creationdate><title>Effect of Foot Reflexology on Muscle Electrical Activity, Pressure, Plantar Distribution, and Body Sway in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial</title><author>Toledo, Thais Gebin ; Freire, Larissa Alves Moreira ; Reis, Luciana Maria Dos ; Terra, Andréia Maria Silva Vilela ; Santos, Adriana Teresa Silva</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c421t-1a2833b384100f56438e8b6c81d00f1a292d8190101d2744fc46f662aa947fb03</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Clinical trials</topic><topic>Diabetes</topic><topic>Diabetes mellitus</topic><topic>Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent)</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2</topic><topic>Diabetic neuropathy</topic><topic>Electromyography</topic><topic>Feet</topic><topic>Foot - physiology</topic><topic>Foot diseases</topic><topic>Gastrocnemius muscle</topic><topic>Health care</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hyperglycemia</topic><topic>Immunoglobulins</topic><topic>Informed consent</topic><topic>Manipulative therapy</topic><topic>Muscle contraction</topic><topic>Muscle, Skeletal - physiology</topic><topic>Muscles</topic><topic>Musculoskeletal Manipulations</topic><topic>Pain</topic><topic>Pilot Projects</topic><topic>Plantar pressure</topic><topic>Quality of life</topic><topic>Reflexology</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Toledo, Thais Gebin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Freire, Larissa Alves Moreira</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reis, Luciana Maria Dos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Terra, Andréia Maria Silva Vilela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santos, Adriana Teresa Silva</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>International journal of environmental research and public health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Toledo, Thais Gebin</au><au>Freire, Larissa Alves Moreira</au><au>Reis, Luciana Maria Dos</au><au>Terra, Andréia Maria Silva Vilela</au><au>Santos, Adriana Teresa Silva</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of Foot Reflexology on Muscle Electrical Activity, Pressure, Plantar Distribution, and Body Sway in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial</atitle><jtitle>International journal of environmental research and public health</jtitle><addtitle>Int J Environ Res Public Health</addtitle><date>2022-11-05</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>19</volume><issue>21</issue><spage>14547</spage><pages>14547-</pages><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><eissn>1660-4601</eissn><abstract>To verify the effect of foot reflexology on the electrical muscle activity of the lateral and medial gastrocnemius muscle, and to examine the distribution, plantar pressure, and body sway in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
This pilot randomized controlled trial enrolled 17 volunteers who were clinically diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The sample was assigned to one of two groups: the control group (CG, n = 7), who received information on foot care and health, and the intervention group (IG, n = 10), who received the application of foot reflexology on specific areas of the feet, for 10 consecutive days. There was blinding of the evaluator and the therapist. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to assess the electrical activity of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles in maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and isotonic contraction (IC); baropodometry and stabilometry were used to analyze unloading, plantar weight distribution, and body sway.
There was a statistically significant difference for the variables of maximum peak electrical activity of the left medial gastrocnemius (
= 0.03; effect size = 0.87 and power = 0.81) and left lateral gastrocnemius muscles (
= 0.04, effect size = 0.70 and power = 0.66) respectively, in the intragroup IC, and median frequency of the left medial gastrocnemius muscle in the intragroup MVIC (
= 0.03; effect size = 0.64 and power = 0.59), and in the variables intergroups of the total area on the right side (
= 0.04; effect size = 1.03 and power = 0.50) and forefoot area on the left side (
= 0.02; effect size = 0.51 and power = 0.16).
We conclude that foot reflexology influenced some variables of the intergroup plantar distribution and intragroup EMG in the sample studied. There is a need for a placebo group, a larger sample and a follow-up to strengthen the findings of these experiments.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>36361426</pmid><doi>10.3390/ijerph192114547</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9510-0017</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0672-7804</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1255-8429</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5833-8635</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; PubMed Central Open Access; MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Clinical trials Diabetes Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent) Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Diabetic neuropathy Electromyography Feet Foot - physiology Foot diseases Gastrocnemius muscle Health care Humans Hyperglycemia Immunoglobulins Informed consent Manipulative therapy Muscle contraction Muscle, Skeletal - physiology Muscles Musculoskeletal Manipulations Pain Pilot Projects Plantar pressure Quality of life Reflexology Statistical analysis |
| title | Effect of Foot Reflexology on Muscle Electrical Activity, Pressure, Plantar Distribution, and Body Sway in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial |
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