Do Men and Women Have a Different Association between Fear-Avoidance and Pain Intensity in Chronic Pain? An Experience Sampling Method Cohort-Study

Background: Fear-avoidance is one of the factors associated with chronic pain. However, it remains unclear whether the association between fear-avoidance and pain depends on sex. The present study aimed to investigate whether the association between fear-avoidance and pain intensity differed between...

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Veröffentlicht in:Journal of clinical medicine 2022-09, Vol.11 (19), p.5515
Hauptverfasser: Waardenburg, Sophie, Visseren, Lars, van Daal, Elke, Brouwer, Brigitte, van Zundert, Jan, van Kuijk, Sander M. J., Lousberg, Richel, Jongen, Ellen M. M., Leue, Carsten, de Meij, Nelleke
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container_end_page
container_issue 19
container_start_page 5515
container_title Journal of clinical medicine
container_volume 11
creator Waardenburg, Sophie
Visseren, Lars
van Daal, Elke
Brouwer, Brigitte
van Zundert, Jan
van Kuijk, Sander M. J.
Lousberg, Richel
Jongen, Ellen M. M.
Leue, Carsten
de Meij, Nelleke
description Background: Fear-avoidance is one of the factors associated with chronic pain. However, it remains unclear whether the association between fear-avoidance and pain depends on sex. The present study aimed to investigate whether the association between fear-avoidance and pain intensity differed between men and women in chronic pain patients. Additionally, the potential confounding effect of affective experiences on the association between fear-avoidance and pain intensity was analyzed. Method: This cohort study included hospital referred chronic pain patients (n = 45). Short momentary assessment questions according to the experience sampling method (ESM) were used to repeatedly assess patients’ pain intensity, level of fear-avoidance and positive as well as negative affect during their daily life. Linear mixed-effects models were applied in the statistical analysis. Unadjusted and adjusted models were made, in which the latter corrected for statistically significant affective experiences and baseline variables, taking the Aikake Information Criterion into account to assess a better model of fit. Results: The results demonstrated an association between fear-avoidance and pain intensity that differed for men and women. In men (n = 13), no association between these variables was found (−0.04 (95% CI: −0.14, 0.06) with a p-value of 0.48), whereas in women (n = 32), an increase in fear-avoidance was associated with a (slight) increase in pain intensity (0.18 (95% CI 0.06, 0.30) with a p-value of 0.003). Affect did not confound the above-mentioned findings. Conclusion: Our data supports previous research highlighting the importance of sex differences in pain experience. These findings may be relevant for clinicians to consider more personalized (i.e., gender specific) pain management in chronic pain patients.
doi_str_mv 10.3390/jcm11195515
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An Experience Sampling Method Cohort-Study</title><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>PubMed Central Open Access</source><source>MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute</source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Waardenburg, Sophie ; Visseren, Lars ; van Daal, Elke ; Brouwer, Brigitte ; van Zundert, Jan ; van Kuijk, Sander M. J. ; Lousberg, Richel ; Jongen, Ellen M. M. ; Leue, Carsten ; de Meij, Nelleke</creator><creatorcontrib>Waardenburg, Sophie ; Visseren, Lars ; van Daal, Elke ; Brouwer, Brigitte ; van Zundert, Jan ; van Kuijk, Sander M. J. ; Lousberg, Richel ; Jongen, Ellen M. M. ; Leue, Carsten ; de Meij, Nelleke</creatorcontrib><description>Background: Fear-avoidance is one of the factors associated with chronic pain. However, it remains unclear whether the association between fear-avoidance and pain depends on sex. The present study aimed to investigate whether the association between fear-avoidance and pain intensity differed between men and women in chronic pain patients. Additionally, the potential confounding effect of affective experiences on the association between fear-avoidance and pain intensity was analyzed. Method: This cohort study included hospital referred chronic pain patients (n = 45). Short momentary assessment questions according to the experience sampling method (ESM) were used to repeatedly assess patients’ pain intensity, level of fear-avoidance and positive as well as negative affect during their daily life. Linear mixed-effects models were applied in the statistical analysis. Unadjusted and adjusted models were made, in which the latter corrected for statistically significant affective experiences and baseline variables, taking the Aikake Information Criterion into account to assess a better model of fit. Results: The results demonstrated an association between fear-avoidance and pain intensity that differed for men and women. In men (n = 13), no association between these variables was found (−0.04 (95% CI: −0.14, 0.06) with a p-value of 0.48), whereas in women (n = 32), an increase in fear-avoidance was associated with a (slight) increase in pain intensity (0.18 (95% CI 0.06, 0.30) with a p-value of 0.003). Affect did not confound the above-mentioned findings. Conclusion: Our data supports previous research highlighting the importance of sex differences in pain experience. These findings may be relevant for clinicians to consider more personalized (i.e., gender specific) pain management in chronic pain patients.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2077-0383</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2077-0383</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195515</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36233383</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Affect (Psychology) ; Anxiety ; Chronic pain ; Clinical medicine ; Cohort analysis ; Consent ; Gender differences ; Mental depression ; Mental disorders ; Participation ; Patients ; Questionnaires ; Smartphones ; Variables ; Women</subject><ispartof>Journal of clinical medicine, 2022-09, Vol.11 (19), p.5515</ispartof><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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J.</au><au>Lousberg, Richel</au><au>Jongen, Ellen M. M.</au><au>Leue, Carsten</au><au>de Meij, Nelleke</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Do Men and Women Have a Different Association between Fear-Avoidance and Pain Intensity in Chronic Pain? An Experience Sampling Method Cohort-Study</atitle><jtitle>Journal of clinical medicine</jtitle><date>2022-09-20</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>11</volume><issue>19</issue><spage>5515</spage><pages>5515-</pages><issn>2077-0383</issn><eissn>2077-0383</eissn><abstract>Background: Fear-avoidance is one of the factors associated with chronic pain. However, it remains unclear whether the association between fear-avoidance and pain depends on sex. The present study aimed to investigate whether the association between fear-avoidance and pain intensity differed between men and women in chronic pain patients. Additionally, the potential confounding effect of affective experiences on the association between fear-avoidance and pain intensity was analyzed. Method: This cohort study included hospital referred chronic pain patients (n = 45). Short momentary assessment questions according to the experience sampling method (ESM) were used to repeatedly assess patients’ pain intensity, level of fear-avoidance and positive as well as negative affect during their daily life. Linear mixed-effects models were applied in the statistical analysis. Unadjusted and adjusted models were made, in which the latter corrected for statistically significant affective experiences and baseline variables, taking the Aikake Information Criterion into account to assess a better model of fit. Results: The results demonstrated an association between fear-avoidance and pain intensity that differed for men and women. 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subjects Affect (Psychology)
Anxiety
Chronic pain
Clinical medicine
Cohort analysis
Consent
Gender differences
Mental depression
Mental disorders
Participation
Patients
Questionnaires
Smartphones
Variables
Women
title Do Men and Women Have a Different Association between Fear-Avoidance and Pain Intensity in Chronic Pain? An Experience Sampling Method Cohort-Study
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