Biocompatibility of 3D-Printed PLA, PEEK and PETG: Adhesion of Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Lavage Cells
Samples in the form of cylindrical plates, additively manufactured using the fused deposition modelling (or filament freeform fabrication, FDM/FFF) technology from polylactide (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK), were studied in series of in-vitro experime...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Polymers 2022-09, Vol.14 (19), p.3958 |
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| creator | Shilov, Stanislav Y. Rozhkova, Yulia A. Markova, Lubov N. Tashkinov, Mikhail A. Vindokurov, Ilya V. Silberschmidt, Vadim V. |
| description | Samples in the form of cylindrical plates, additively manufactured using the fused deposition modelling (or filament freeform fabrication, FDM/FFF) technology from polylactide (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK), were studied in series of in-vitro experiments on the adhesion of rat bone-marrow cells and rat peritoneal cells. Methods of estimation of the absolute number of cells and polymer samples’ mass change were used for the evaluation of cells adhesion, followed by the evaluation of cell-culture supernatants. The results of experiments for both types of cells demonstrated a statistically significant change in the absolute number of cells (variation from 44 to 119%) and the weight of the polymer samples (variation from 0.61 to 2.18%), depending on roughness of sample surface, controlled by a nozzle diameter of a 3D printer as well as printing layer height. It was found that more cells adhere to PLA samples with a larger nozzle diameter and layer height. For PETG samples, the results did not show a clear relationship between cell adhesion and printing parameters. For PEEK samples, on the contrary, adhesion to samples printed with a lower nozzle diameter (higher resolution) is better than to samples printed with a larger nozzle diameter (lower resolution). The difference in results for various polymers can be explained by their chemical structure. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/polym14193958 |
| format | Article |
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Methods of estimation of the absolute number of cells and polymer samples’ mass change were used for the evaluation of cells adhesion, followed by the evaluation of cell-culture supernatants. The results of experiments for both types of cells demonstrated a statistically significant change in the absolute number of cells (variation from 44 to 119%) and the weight of the polymer samples (variation from 0.61 to 2.18%), depending on roughness of sample surface, controlled by a nozzle diameter of a 3D printer as well as printing layer height. It was found that more cells adhere to PLA samples with a larger nozzle diameter and layer height. For PETG samples, the results did not show a clear relationship between cell adhesion and printing parameters. For PEEK samples, on the contrary, adhesion to samples printed with a lower nozzle diameter (higher resolution) is better than to samples printed with a larger nozzle diameter (lower resolution). The difference in results for various polymers can be explained by their chemical structure.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4360</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4360</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/polym14193958</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36235903</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>3-D printers ; Additive manufacturing ; Advanced manufacturing technologies ; Analysis ; Animal experimentation ; Biocompatibility ; Bone marrow ; Cell adhesion ; Cell adhesion & migration ; Enzymes ; Fibroblasts ; Freeform fabrication ; Fused deposition modeling ; Hydrocarbons ; Infections ; Neutrophils ; Nozzles ; Polyether ether ketones ; Polyethylene terephthalate ; Polylactic acid ; Polymer industry ; Polymers ; Prostheses ; Rapid prototyping ; Three dimensional printing ; Transplants & implants</subject><ispartof>Polymers, 2022-09, Vol.14 (19), p.3958</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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Methods of estimation of the absolute number of cells and polymer samples’ mass change were used for the evaluation of cells adhesion, followed by the evaluation of cell-culture supernatants. The results of experiments for both types of cells demonstrated a statistically significant change in the absolute number of cells (variation from 44 to 119%) and the weight of the polymer samples (variation from 0.61 to 2.18%), depending on roughness of sample surface, controlled by a nozzle diameter of a 3D printer as well as printing layer height. It was found that more cells adhere to PLA samples with a larger nozzle diameter and layer height. For PETG samples, the results did not show a clear relationship between cell adhesion and printing parameters. For PEEK samples, on the contrary, adhesion to samples printed with a lower nozzle diameter (higher resolution) is better than to samples printed with a larger nozzle diameter (lower resolution). The difference in results for various polymers can be explained by their chemical structure.</description><subject>3-D printers</subject><subject>Additive manufacturing</subject><subject>Advanced manufacturing technologies</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Animal experimentation</subject><subject>Biocompatibility</subject><subject>Bone marrow</subject><subject>Cell adhesion</subject><subject>Cell adhesion & migration</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Fibroblasts</subject><subject>Freeform fabrication</subject><subject>Fused deposition modeling</subject><subject>Hydrocarbons</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Neutrophils</subject><subject>Nozzles</subject><subject>Polyether ether ketones</subject><subject>Polyethylene terephthalate</subject><subject>Polylactic acid</subject><subject>Polymer industry</subject><subject>Polymers</subject><subject>Prostheses</subject><subject>Rapid prototyping</subject><subject>Three dimensional printing</subject><subject>Transplants & implants</subject><issn>2073-4360</issn><issn>2073-4360</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkc9vFCEUxyeNxja1R-8kvXhwKr8ZPJhs17Ua13QP7ZkwzGNLMzOsMFuz_71MtjFWOPB4fN4XvryqekfwFWMaf9zF_jAQTjTTojmpzihWrOZM4lf_xKfVRc6PuAwupCTqTXXKJGVCY3ZW-esQXRx2dgpt6MN0QNEj9qXepDBO0KHNevEBbVarH8iOZbe6u_mEFt0D5BDHGb2OI6CfNqX4-0hAClPJ2R6t7ZPdAlpC3-e31Wtv-wwXz-t5df91dbf8Vq9vb74vF-vacUammiroOqu1apgsjoSFVjVKgWfKAbFeM8q4x6CpwFS2XYc70goGgL2zkkp2Xn0-6u727QCdg3FKtje7FAabDibaYF6ejOHBbOOT0UKRBs8C758FUvy1hzyZIWRXLNgR4j4bqqggmnA-o5f_oY9xn8Zib6Y41ZhIVairI7W1PZgw-ljudWV2MARXfsqHkl8oLjlrGi1KQX0scCnmnMD_fT3BZu66edF19gdtbJ0T</recordid><startdate>20220922</startdate><enddate>20220922</enddate><creator>Shilov, Stanislav Y.</creator><creator>Rozhkova, Yulia A.</creator><creator>Markova, Lubov N.</creator><creator>Tashkinov, Mikhail A.</creator><creator>Vindokurov, Ilya V.</creator><creator>Silberschmidt, Vadim V.</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3199-455X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3338-3311</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1885-0404</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220922</creationdate><title>Biocompatibility of 3D-Printed PLA, PEEK and PETG: Adhesion of Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Lavage Cells</title><author>Shilov, Stanislav Y. ; 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Methods of estimation of the absolute number of cells and polymer samples’ mass change were used for the evaluation of cells adhesion, followed by the evaluation of cell-culture supernatants. The results of experiments for both types of cells demonstrated a statistically significant change in the absolute number of cells (variation from 44 to 119%) and the weight of the polymer samples (variation from 0.61 to 2.18%), depending on roughness of sample surface, controlled by a nozzle diameter of a 3D printer as well as printing layer height. It was found that more cells adhere to PLA samples with a larger nozzle diameter and layer height. For PETG samples, the results did not show a clear relationship between cell adhesion and printing parameters. For PEEK samples, on the contrary, adhesion to samples printed with a lower nozzle diameter (higher resolution) is better than to samples printed with a larger nozzle diameter (lower resolution). 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| subjects | 3-D printers Additive manufacturing Advanced manufacturing technologies Analysis Animal experimentation Biocompatibility Bone marrow Cell adhesion Cell adhesion & migration Enzymes Fibroblasts Freeform fabrication Fused deposition modeling Hydrocarbons Infections Neutrophils Nozzles Polyether ether ketones Polyethylene terephthalate Polylactic acid Polymer industry Polymers Prostheses Rapid prototyping Three dimensional printing Transplants & implants |
| title | Biocompatibility of 3D-Printed PLA, PEEK and PETG: Adhesion of Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Lavage Cells |
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