Defining the Patchy Landscape of Esophageal Eosinophilia in Children With Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a patchy disease of the esophagus with significant variability in intraepithelial eosinophilia. Three biopsies each from distal and proximal esophagus are recommended for identification of active EoE. Recent work suggests 3 biopsy sites are more optimal. We sought to evaluate 2-site vs 3-site esophageal biopsy combinations for utility to identify active EoE. We prospectively obtained 3-site esophageal biopsies based on rigorous endoscopic measurements of the proximal, mid, and distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Biopsies were reviewed by a pathologist, and those with at least 15 eosinophils per high-power field were considered active EoE. The sensitivity of one or more sites to identify active EoE was determined, and endoscopic measurements were correlated to height and age. Five hundred ninety-six endoscopies were performed in 217 patients; of these, 304 endoscopies in 167 patients had active EoE. Among the initial esophagogastroduodenoscopies with active EoE, distal biopsies had greater than 80% sensitivity, whereas mid and proximal biopsies had sensitivity of 65% and 62%, respectively, and distal + proximal biopsies had the highest diagnostic sensitivity for a 2-site combination. Among the 304 endoscopies with active EoE, 9 had focal eosinophilia restricted to the mid esophagus, and 8 were restricted to the proximal esophagus. For patients with multiple endoscopies with active EoE, nearly one fourth had reduced sites with eosinophilia at the second time point. Endoscopic measurements strongly correlated with height and age. This study supports endoscopic measurement–guided 3-site biopsies for optimal disease assessment of active EoE in children.