The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Spirobolus bungii (Diplopoda, Spirobolidae): The First Sequence for the Genus Spirobolus
Millipedes (Diplopoda) comprise one of the most important groups of large soil arthropods in terrestrial ecosystems; however, their phylogenetic relationships are poorly understood. Herein, the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Spirobolus bungii was sequenced and annotated, which was 14,879 bp in...
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description | Millipedes (Diplopoda) comprise one of the most important groups of large soil arthropods in terrestrial ecosystems; however, their phylogenetic relationships are poorly understood. Herein, the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Spirobolus bungii was sequenced and annotated, which was 14,879 bp in size and included 37 typical mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs)). Most of the 13 PCGs had ATN (AT/A/T/G) as the start codon except for COX1, which used CGA, and most PCGs ended with the T end codon. By comparing the gene arrangements of the mitogenomes among Diplopoda species, rearrangement occurred between and within orders. In contrast to Narceus annularus, the mitogenome genes of S. bungii had consistent orders but were transcribed in completely opposite directions, which was a novel finding in Spirobolidae. Moreover, the phylogenetic relationships within Diplopoda, which were based on the sequences of 13 PCGs, showed that S. bungii was clustered with N. annularus, followed by Abacion magmun. This indicated that there might be a close relationship between Callipodida and Spirobolida. These results could contribute to further studies on the genetics and evolutionary processes of S. bungii and other Diplopoda species. |
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Herein, the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Spirobolus bungii was sequenced and annotated, which was 14,879 bp in size and included 37 typical mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs)). Most of the 13 PCGs had ATN (AT/A/T/G) as the start codon except for COX1, which used CGA, and most PCGs ended with the T end codon. By comparing the gene arrangements of the mitogenomes among Diplopoda species, rearrangement occurred between and within orders. In contrast to Narceus annularus, the mitogenome genes of S. bungii had consistent orders but were transcribed in completely opposite directions, which was a novel finding in Spirobolidae. Moreover, the phylogenetic relationships within Diplopoda, which were based on the sequences of 13 PCGs, showed that S. bungii was clustered with N. annularus, followed by Abacion magmun. This indicated that there might be a close relationship between Callipodida and Spirobolida. These results could contribute to further studies on the genetics and evolutionary processes of S. bungii and other Diplopoda species.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4425</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4425</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/genes13091587</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Amino acids ; Diplopoda ; Gene rearrangement ; Genes ; Genomes ; Genomics ; Mitochondria ; Morphology ; Nucleotide sequence ; Phylogenetics ; Phylogeny ; rRNA ; Software ; Spirobolidae ; Terrestrial ecosystems ; Transfer RNA ; Trees</subject><ispartof>Genes, 2022-09, Vol.13 (9), p.1587</ispartof><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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Herein, the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Spirobolus bungii was sequenced and annotated, which was 14,879 bp in size and included 37 typical mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs)). Most of the 13 PCGs had ATN (AT/A/T/G) as the start codon except for COX1, which used CGA, and most PCGs ended with the T end codon. By comparing the gene arrangements of the mitogenomes among Diplopoda species, rearrangement occurred between and within orders. In contrast to Narceus annularus, the mitogenome genes of S. bungii had consistent orders but were transcribed in completely opposite directions, which was a novel finding in Spirobolidae. Moreover, the phylogenetic relationships within Diplopoda, which were based on the sequences of 13 PCGs, showed that S. bungii was clustered with N. annularus, followed by Abacion magmun. 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These results could contribute to further studies on the genetics and evolutionary processes of S. bungii and other Diplopoda species.</description><subject>Amino acids</subject><subject>Diplopoda</subject><subject>Gene rearrangement</subject><subject>Genes</subject><subject>Genomes</subject><subject>Genomics</subject><subject>Mitochondria</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Nucleotide sequence</subject><subject>Phylogenetics</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>rRNA</subject><subject>Software</subject><subject>Spirobolidae</subject><subject>Terrestrial ecosystems</subject><subject>Transfer RNA</subject><subject>Trees</subject><issn>2073-4425</issn><issn>2073-4425</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkUtLxDAQgIsoKKtH7wEvClbzqmk8CLI-QfGw6zlk0-lupE1q0goe_O9mWVld5zLDzMfHDJNlhwSfMSbx-RwcRMKwJEUptrI9igXLOafF9p96NzuI8Q2n4JhiXOxlX9MFoLFvuwZ6QM-292bhXRWsbtA9ON8C8jWadDb4mW-GiGaDm1uLjm9s1_jOV_p0PbWVhpNLtDTe2RB7NIH3AZwBVPuA-tROxqT4te1nO7VuIhz85FH2enc7HT_kTy_3j-Prp9wwSfucCkMYFYTxQlBSGiOJgJoVmEuKdSU5ECOkKUsKVFOGucEzA4aWgtaccsNG2dXK2w2zFioDrg-6UV2wrQ6fymurNifOLtTcfyjJZSkYS4LjH0Hw6abYq9ZGA02jHfghqrScuJAYl0VCj_6hb34ILp23pC4KJqVcUvmKMsHHGKBeL0OwWj5UbTyUfQMeiJTm</recordid><startdate>20220903</startdate><enddate>20220903</enddate><creator>Xu, Hanmei</creator><creator>Fang, Yu</creator><creator>Cao, Guohua</creator><creator>Shen, Caiqin</creator><creator>Liu, Hongyi</creator><creator>Ruan, Honghua</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6075-474X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2081-5779</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220903</creationdate><title>The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Spirobolus bungii (Diplopoda, Spirobolidae): The First Sequence for the Genus Spirobolus</title><author>Xu, Hanmei ; Fang, Yu ; Cao, Guohua ; Shen, Caiqin ; Liu, Hongyi ; Ruan, Honghua</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c392t-27c132713457218cc917ef3504920ad94e1c79c882e2a2304c0bcec2872f424c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Amino acids</topic><topic>Diplopoda</topic><topic>Gene rearrangement</topic><topic>Genes</topic><topic>Genomes</topic><topic>Genomics</topic><topic>Mitochondria</topic><topic>Morphology</topic><topic>Nucleotide sequence</topic><topic>Phylogenetics</topic><topic>Phylogeny</topic><topic>rRNA</topic><topic>Software</topic><topic>Spirobolidae</topic><topic>Terrestrial ecosystems</topic><topic>Transfer RNA</topic><topic>Trees</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Xu, Hanmei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fang, Yu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cao, Guohua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shen, Caiqin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Hongyi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ruan, Honghua</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Genes</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Xu, Hanmei</au><au>Fang, Yu</au><au>Cao, Guohua</au><au>Shen, Caiqin</au><au>Liu, Hongyi</au><au>Ruan, Honghua</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Spirobolus bungii (Diplopoda, Spirobolidae): The First Sequence for the Genus Spirobolus</atitle><jtitle>Genes</jtitle><date>2022-09-03</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>1587</spage><pages>1587-</pages><issn>2073-4425</issn><eissn>2073-4425</eissn><abstract>Millipedes (Diplopoda) comprise one of the most important groups of large soil arthropods in terrestrial ecosystems; however, their phylogenetic relationships are poorly understood. Herein, the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Spirobolus bungii was sequenced and annotated, which was 14,879 bp in size and included 37 typical mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs)). Most of the 13 PCGs had ATN (AT/A/T/G) as the start codon except for COX1, which used CGA, and most PCGs ended with the T end codon. By comparing the gene arrangements of the mitogenomes among Diplopoda species, rearrangement occurred between and within orders. In contrast to Narceus annularus, the mitogenome genes of S. bungii had consistent orders but were transcribed in completely opposite directions, which was a novel finding in Spirobolidae. Moreover, the phylogenetic relationships within Diplopoda, which were based on the sequences of 13 PCGs, showed that S. bungii was clustered with N. annularus, followed by Abacion magmun. 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subjects | Amino acids Diplopoda Gene rearrangement Genes Genomes Genomics Mitochondria Morphology Nucleotide sequence Phylogenetics Phylogeny rRNA Software Spirobolidae Terrestrial ecosystems Transfer RNA Trees |
title | The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Spirobolus bungii (Diplopoda, Spirobolidae): The First Sequence for the Genus Spirobolus |
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