Effect of rapid weight loss incorporating hot salt water immersion on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in male mixed martial arts athletes
Purpose To investigate the effects of rapid weight loss (RWL), incorporating comparison of hot water immersion (HWI) in fresh or salt water, on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in mixed martial arts athletes. Methods In a crossover design comparing fresh water (FWB) to...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | European journal of applied physiology 2022-10, Vol.122 (10), p.2243-2257 |
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| creator | Connor, John Germaine, Mark Gibson, Conor Clarke, Philip Egan, Brendan |
| description | Purpose
To investigate the effects of rapid weight loss (RWL), incorporating comparison of hot water immersion (HWI) in fresh or salt water, on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in mixed martial arts athletes.
Methods
In a crossover design comparing fresh water (FWB) to salt water (SWB; 5.0%wt/vol Epsom salt) bathing, 13 males performed 20 min of HWI (~ 40.3 °C) followed by 40 min wrapped in a heated blanket, twice in sequence (2 h total). Before bathing, ~ 26 to ~ 28 h of fluid and dietary restriction was undertaken, and ~ 24 to ~ 26 h of a high carbohydrate diet and rehydration was undertaken as recovery.
Results
During the entire RWL process, participants lost ~ 5.3% body mass. Body mass lost during the 2 h hot bath protocol was 2.17 ± 0.81 kg (~ 2.7% body mass) and 2.24 ± 0.64 kg (~ 2.8% body mass) for FWB and SWB, respectively (
P
= 0.647 between trials). Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, chloride, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were increased (all
P
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00421-022-05000-7 |
| format | Article |
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To investigate the effects of rapid weight loss (RWL), incorporating comparison of hot water immersion (HWI) in fresh or salt water, on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in mixed martial arts athletes.
Methods
In a crossover design comparing fresh water (FWB) to salt water (SWB; 5.0%wt/vol Epsom salt) bathing, 13 males performed 20 min of HWI (~ 40.3 °C) followed by 40 min wrapped in a heated blanket, twice in sequence (2 h total). Before bathing, ~ 26 to ~ 28 h of fluid and dietary restriction was undertaken, and ~ 24 to ~ 26 h of a high carbohydrate diet and rehydration was undertaken as recovery.
Results
During the entire RWL process, participants lost ~ 5.3% body mass. Body mass lost during the 2 h hot bath protocol was 2.17 ± 0.81 kg (~ 2.7% body mass) and 2.24 ± 0.64 kg (~ 2.8% body mass) for FWB and SWB, respectively (
P
= 0.647 between trials). Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, chloride, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were increased (all
P
< 0.05), and plasma volume was decreased (~ 14%;
P
< 0.01), but did not differ between FWB and SWB, and were similar to baseline values after recovery. No indices of performance (e.g., countermovement jump, isometric strength, and functional threshold power) were impacted when RWL was followed by the recovery process.
Conclusion
Under the conditions of this hot bath protocol, fluid loss was not augmented by the addition of ~ 5.0%wt/vol of Epsom salt during HWI, and RWL of ~ 5.3% body mass followed by > 24 h of recovery did not impact indices of performance.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1439-6319</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1439-6327</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05000-7</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35833967</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedicine ; Blood ; Body mass ; Body weight loss ; Creatinine ; Dietary restrictions ; Hematocrit ; Hemoglobin ; High carbohydrate diet ; Human Physiology ; Immersion ; Isometric ; Martial arts ; Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine ; Original ; Original Article ; Physical growth ; Rehydration ; Saline water ; Salt ; Sports Medicine</subject><ispartof>European journal of applied physiology, 2022-10, Vol.122 (10), p.2243-2257</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2022</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2022. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c381t-94d22c919e6dd8d7cbb71fda37f310e9090b7209e78aaac54c1f93745d71e4943</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c381t-94d22c919e6dd8d7cbb71fda37f310e9090b7209e78aaac54c1f93745d71e4943</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8327-9016</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00421-022-05000-7$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00421-022-05000-7$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Connor, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Germaine, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gibson, Conor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Clarke, Philip</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Egan, Brendan</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of rapid weight loss incorporating hot salt water immersion on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in male mixed martial arts athletes</title><title>European journal of applied physiology</title><addtitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</addtitle><description>Purpose
To investigate the effects of rapid weight loss (RWL), incorporating comparison of hot water immersion (HWI) in fresh or salt water, on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in mixed martial arts athletes.
Methods
In a crossover design comparing fresh water (FWB) to salt water (SWB; 5.0%wt/vol Epsom salt) bathing, 13 males performed 20 min of HWI (~ 40.3 °C) followed by 40 min wrapped in a heated blanket, twice in sequence (2 h total). Before bathing, ~ 26 to ~ 28 h of fluid and dietary restriction was undertaken, and ~ 24 to ~ 26 h of a high carbohydrate diet and rehydration was undertaken as recovery.
Results
During the entire RWL process, participants lost ~ 5.3% body mass. Body mass lost during the 2 h hot bath protocol was 2.17 ± 0.81 kg (~ 2.7% body mass) and 2.24 ± 0.64 kg (~ 2.8% body mass) for FWB and SWB, respectively (
P
= 0.647 between trials). Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, chloride, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were increased (all
P
< 0.05), and plasma volume was decreased (~ 14%;
P
< 0.01), but did not differ between FWB and SWB, and were similar to baseline values after recovery. No indices of performance (e.g., countermovement jump, isometric strength, and functional threshold power) were impacted when RWL was followed by the recovery process.
Conclusion
Under the conditions of this hot bath protocol, fluid loss was not augmented by the addition of ~ 5.0%wt/vol of Epsom salt during HWI, and RWL of ~ 5.3% body mass followed by > 24 h of recovery did not impact indices of performance.</description><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>Blood</subject><subject>Body mass</subject><subject>Body weight loss</subject><subject>Creatinine</subject><subject>Dietary restrictions</subject><subject>Hematocrit</subject><subject>Hemoglobin</subject><subject>High carbohydrate diet</subject><subject>Human Physiology</subject><subject>Immersion</subject><subject>Isometric</subject><subject>Martial arts</subject><subject>Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>Original Article</subject><subject>Physical growth</subject><subject>Rehydration</subject><subject>Saline water</subject><subject>Salt</subject><subject>Sports Medicine</subject><issn>1439-6319</issn><issn>1439-6327</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9ks1u1DAUhSMEomXgBVhZYsOiAf9k4niDhKryI1ViA2vLsW8mLo4dbE9LH4m35E6nKoIFkqVryd85vvY9TfOS0TeMUvm2UNpx1lLOW7qllLbyUXPKOqHaXnD5-GHP1EnzrJQrRAbOhqfNidgOQqhenja_LqYJbCVpItms3pEb8Lu5kpBKIT7alNeUTfVxR-ZUSTGhkhtTIRO_LJCLT5HgsrOJOzgoyJjcLVlMKWdkDCk53OfvSJ4REx0CzlsE8b4V8pTyYqKFg24xAcjif8KdonoTCJZCTJ0DVCjPmyeTCQVe3NdN8-3DxdfzT-3ll4-fz99ftlYMrLaqc5xbxRT0zg1O2nGUbHJGyEkwCooqOkpOFcjBGGO3nWWTErLbOsmgU53YNO-Ovut-XMBZiDWboNfssa1bnYzXf59EP-tdutaq64XgAxq8vjfI6cceStWLLxZCMBHSvmjeD_j1lAmO6Kt_0Ku0zxGfp7lk2KXg6Llp-JGyGaeSYXpohlF9SII-JkFjEvRdErREkTiKCsI4m_zH-j-q3wsjuGI</recordid><startdate>20221001</startdate><enddate>20221001</enddate><creator>Connor, John</creator><creator>Germaine, Mark</creator><creator>Gibson, Conor</creator><creator>Clarke, Philip</creator><creator>Egan, Brendan</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8327-9016</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20221001</creationdate><title>Effect of rapid weight loss incorporating hot salt water immersion on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in male mixed martial arts athletes</title><author>Connor, John ; Germaine, Mark ; Gibson, Conor ; Clarke, Philip ; Egan, Brendan</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c381t-94d22c919e6dd8d7cbb71fda37f310e9090b7209e78aaac54c1f93745d71e4943</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>Blood</topic><topic>Body mass</topic><topic>Body weight loss</topic><topic>Creatinine</topic><topic>Dietary restrictions</topic><topic>Hematocrit</topic><topic>Hemoglobin</topic><topic>High carbohydrate diet</topic><topic>Human Physiology</topic><topic>Immersion</topic><topic>Isometric</topic><topic>Martial arts</topic><topic>Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine</topic><topic>Original</topic><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Physical growth</topic><topic>Rehydration</topic><topic>Saline water</topic><topic>Salt</topic><topic>Sports Medicine</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Connor, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Germaine, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gibson, Conor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Clarke, Philip</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Egan, Brendan</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Proquest Nursing & Allied Health Source</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>European journal of applied physiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Connor, John</au><au>Germaine, Mark</au><au>Gibson, Conor</au><au>Clarke, Philip</au><au>Egan, Brendan</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of rapid weight loss incorporating hot salt water immersion on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in male mixed martial arts athletes</atitle><jtitle>European journal of applied physiology</jtitle><stitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</stitle><date>2022-10-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>122</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>2243</spage><epage>2257</epage><pages>2243-2257</pages><issn>1439-6319</issn><eissn>1439-6327</eissn><abstract>Purpose
To investigate the effects of rapid weight loss (RWL), incorporating comparison of hot water immersion (HWI) in fresh or salt water, on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in mixed martial arts athletes.
Methods
In a crossover design comparing fresh water (FWB) to salt water (SWB; 5.0%wt/vol Epsom salt) bathing, 13 males performed 20 min of HWI (~ 40.3 °C) followed by 40 min wrapped in a heated blanket, twice in sequence (2 h total). Before bathing, ~ 26 to ~ 28 h of fluid and dietary restriction was undertaken, and ~ 24 to ~ 26 h of a high carbohydrate diet and rehydration was undertaken as recovery.
Results
During the entire RWL process, participants lost ~ 5.3% body mass. Body mass lost during the 2 h hot bath protocol was 2.17 ± 0.81 kg (~ 2.7% body mass) and 2.24 ± 0.64 kg (~ 2.8% body mass) for FWB and SWB, respectively (
P
= 0.647 between trials). Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, chloride, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were increased (all
P
< 0.05), and plasma volume was decreased (~ 14%;
P
< 0.01), but did not differ between FWB and SWB, and were similar to baseline values after recovery. No indices of performance (e.g., countermovement jump, isometric strength, and functional threshold power) were impacted when RWL was followed by the recovery process.
Conclusion
Under the conditions of this hot bath protocol, fluid loss was not augmented by the addition of ~ 5.0%wt/vol of Epsom salt during HWI, and RWL of ~ 5.3% body mass followed by > 24 h of recovery did not impact indices of performance.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>35833967</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00421-022-05000-7</doi><tpages>15</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8327-9016</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | European journal of applied physiology, 2022-10, Vol.122 (10), p.2243-2257 |
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| language | eng |
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| source | SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Blood Body mass Body weight loss Creatinine Dietary restrictions Hematocrit Hemoglobin High carbohydrate diet Human Physiology Immersion Isometric Martial arts Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine Original Original Article Physical growth Rehydration Saline water Salt Sports Medicine |
| title | Effect of rapid weight loss incorporating hot salt water immersion on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in male mixed martial arts athletes |
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