Ballistic Properties and Izod Impact Resistance of Novel Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Caranan Fiber (Mauritiella armata)
Natural lignocellulosic fibers (NFLs) possess several economic, technical, environmental and social advantages, making them an ideal alternative to synthetic fibers in composite materials. Caranan fiber is an NFL extract from the leafstalk of the Mauritiella armata palm tree, endemic to South Americ...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Polymers 2022-08, Vol.14 (16), p.3348 |
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| creator | Souza, Andressa Teixeira Neuba, Lucas de Mendonça Junio, Raí Felipe Pereira Carvalho, Magno Torres Candido, Verônica Scarpini Figueiredo, André Ben-Hur da Silva Monteiro, Sergio Neves Nascimento, Lucio Fabio Cassiano da Silva, Alisson Clay Rios |
| description | Natural lignocellulosic fibers (NFLs) possess several economic, technical, environmental and social advantages, making them an ideal alternative to synthetic fibers in composite materials. Caranan fiber is an NFL extract from the leafstalk of the Mauritiella armata palm tree, endemic to South America. The present work investigates the addition of 10, 20 and 30 vol% caranan fiber in epoxy resin, regarding the properties associated with Izod notch tough and ballistic performance. Following ASTM D256 standards, ten impact specimens for each fiber reinforcement condition (vol%) were investigated. For the ballistic test, a composite plate with 30 vol%, which has the best result, was tested with ten shots, using 0.22 ammunition to verify the energy absorption. The results showed that when compared to the average values obtained for the epoxy resin, the effect of incorporating 30 vol% caranan fibers as reinforcement in composites was evident in the Izod impact test, producing an increase of around 640% in absorption energy. Absorbed ballistic energy and velocity limit results provided values similar to those already reported in the literature: around 56 J and 186 J, respectively. All results obtained were ANOVA statistically analyzed based on a confidence level of 95%. Tukey’s test revealed, as expected, that the best performance among the studied impact resistance was 30 vol%, reaching the highest values of energy absorption. For ballistic performance, the Weibull analysis showed a high R2 correlation value above 0.9, confirming the reliability of the tested samples. These results illustrate the possibilities of caranan fiber to be used as a reinforcement for epoxy composites and its promising application in ballistic armor. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/polym14163348 |
| format | Article |
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Caranan fiber is an NFL extract from the leafstalk of the Mauritiella armata palm tree, endemic to South America. The present work investigates the addition of 10, 20 and 30 vol% caranan fiber in epoxy resin, regarding the properties associated with Izod notch tough and ballistic performance. Following ASTM D256 standards, ten impact specimens for each fiber reinforcement condition (vol%) were investigated. For the ballistic test, a composite plate with 30 vol%, which has the best result, was tested with ten shots, using 0.22 ammunition to verify the energy absorption. The results showed that when compared to the average values obtained for the epoxy resin, the effect of incorporating 30 vol% caranan fibers as reinforcement in composites was evident in the Izod impact test, producing an increase of around 640% in absorption energy. Absorbed ballistic energy and velocity limit results provided values similar to those already reported in the literature: around 56 J and 186 J, respectively. All results obtained were ANOVA statistically analyzed based on a confidence level of 95%. Tukey’s test revealed, as expected, that the best performance among the studied impact resistance was 30 vol%, reaching the highest values of energy absorption. For ballistic performance, the Weibull analysis showed a high R2 correlation value above 0.9, confirming the reliability of the tested samples. These results illustrate the possibilities of caranan fiber to be used as a reinforcement for epoxy composites and its promising application in ballistic armor.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4360</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4360</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/polym14163348</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36015605</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Antiballistic materials ; Armor ; Ballistic impact tests ; Composite materials ; Composite structures ; Confidence intervals ; Energy ; Energy absorption ; Epoxy resins ; Fiber reinforcement ; Impact resistance ; Impact tests ; Lignocellulose ; Polymers ; Synthetic fibers ; Variance analysis ; Velocity</subject><ispartof>Polymers, 2022-08, Vol.14 (16), p.3348</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2022 by the authors. 2022</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c361t-c995dbd92476af2294997dce85ee63896b66b88db13afd106b416234420729e63</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c361t-c995dbd92476af2294997dce85ee63896b66b88db13afd106b416234420729e63</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-3926-0403 ; 0000-0003-3390-3524 ; 0000-0003-1208-1234 ; 0000-0002-4940-3682</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9412478/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9412478/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Souza, Andressa Teixeira</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Neuba, Lucas de Mendonça</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Junio, Raí Felipe Pereira</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carvalho, Magno Torres</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Candido, Verônica Scarpini</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Figueiredo, André Ben-Hur da Silva</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Monteiro, Sergio Neves</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nascimento, Lucio Fabio Cassiano</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>da Silva, Alisson Clay Rios</creatorcontrib><title>Ballistic Properties and Izod Impact Resistance of Novel Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Caranan Fiber (Mauritiella armata)</title><title>Polymers</title><description>Natural lignocellulosic fibers (NFLs) possess several economic, technical, environmental and social advantages, making them an ideal alternative to synthetic fibers in composite materials. Caranan fiber is an NFL extract from the leafstalk of the Mauritiella armata palm tree, endemic to South America. The present work investigates the addition of 10, 20 and 30 vol% caranan fiber in epoxy resin, regarding the properties associated with Izod notch tough and ballistic performance. Following ASTM D256 standards, ten impact specimens for each fiber reinforcement condition (vol%) were investigated. For the ballistic test, a composite plate with 30 vol%, which has the best result, was tested with ten shots, using 0.22 ammunition to verify the energy absorption. The results showed that when compared to the average values obtained for the epoxy resin, the effect of incorporating 30 vol% caranan fibers as reinforcement in composites was evident in the Izod impact test, producing an increase of around 640% in absorption energy. Absorbed ballistic energy and velocity limit results provided values similar to those already reported in the literature: around 56 J and 186 J, respectively. All results obtained were ANOVA statistically analyzed based on a confidence level of 95%. Tukey’s test revealed, as expected, that the best performance among the studied impact resistance was 30 vol%, reaching the highest values of energy absorption. For ballistic performance, the Weibull analysis showed a high R2 correlation value above 0.9, confirming the reliability of the tested samples. These results illustrate the possibilities of caranan fiber to be used as a reinforcement for epoxy composites and its promising application in ballistic armor.</description><subject>Antiballistic materials</subject><subject>Armor</subject><subject>Ballistic impact tests</subject><subject>Composite materials</subject><subject>Composite structures</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Energy</subject><subject>Energy absorption</subject><subject>Epoxy resins</subject><subject>Fiber reinforcement</subject><subject>Impact resistance</subject><subject>Impact tests</subject><subject>Lignocellulose</subject><subject>Polymers</subject><subject>Synthetic fibers</subject><subject>Variance analysis</subject><subject>Velocity</subject><issn>2073-4360</issn><issn>2073-4360</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpdUlFr1jAULaK4Mffoe8CX-dCZNGmavAjzY5uDucnQ53Cb3m4ZbVKTdvoNf7wp3xBnArnh5pxzcw-3KN4yesy5ph-mMGxHJpjkXKgXxX5FG14KLunLf-57xWFK9zQvUUvJmtfFXs6yWtJ6v_j9CYbBpdlZ8jWGCePsMBHwHbl4DPkYJ7AzucGUMeAtktCTq_CAAzmdwq8t2YRxCsnNmXSDzvchWuzITzffkQ1E8ODJmWsxkqMvsESX1YcBCMQRZnj_pnjVw5Dw8CkeFN_PTr9tPpeX1-cXm5PL0nLJ5tJqXXdtpyvRSOirSgutm86iqhElV1q2UrZKdS3j0HeMyjY7UnEhsgWVzpCD4uNOd1raETPTzxEGM0U3QtyaAM48f_HuztyGB6MFy0VVFjh6Eojhx4JpNqNLdm3FY1iSqRraSKqkWmu9-w96H5boc3srSlaKcVpn1PEOdQsDmtW3XNfm3eHobPDYu5w_aYQUXMlmJZQ7go0hpYj9398zatZZMM9mgf8Bbhqmxg</recordid><startdate>20220817</startdate><enddate>20220817</enddate><creator>Souza, Andressa Teixeira</creator><creator>Neuba, Lucas de Mendonça</creator><creator>Junio, Raí Felipe Pereira</creator><creator>Carvalho, Magno Torres</creator><creator>Candido, Verônica Scarpini</creator><creator>Figueiredo, André Ben-Hur da Silva</creator><creator>Monteiro, Sergio Neves</creator><creator>Nascimento, Lucio Fabio Cassiano</creator><creator>da Silva, Alisson Clay Rios</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3926-0403</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3390-3524</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1208-1234</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4940-3682</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220817</creationdate><title>Ballistic Properties and Izod Impact Resistance of Novel Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Caranan Fiber (Mauritiella armata)</title><author>Souza, Andressa Teixeira ; 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Caranan fiber is an NFL extract from the leafstalk of the Mauritiella armata palm tree, endemic to South America. The present work investigates the addition of 10, 20 and 30 vol% caranan fiber in epoxy resin, regarding the properties associated with Izod notch tough and ballistic performance. Following ASTM D256 standards, ten impact specimens for each fiber reinforcement condition (vol%) were investigated. For the ballistic test, a composite plate with 30 vol%, which has the best result, was tested with ten shots, using 0.22 ammunition to verify the energy absorption. The results showed that when compared to the average values obtained for the epoxy resin, the effect of incorporating 30 vol% caranan fibers as reinforcement in composites was evident in the Izod impact test, producing an increase of around 640% in absorption energy. Absorbed ballistic energy and velocity limit results provided values similar to those already reported in the literature: around 56 J and 186 J, respectively. All results obtained were ANOVA statistically analyzed based on a confidence level of 95%. Tukey’s test revealed, as expected, that the best performance among the studied impact resistance was 30 vol%, reaching the highest values of energy absorption. For ballistic performance, the Weibull analysis showed a high R2 correlation value above 0.9, confirming the reliability of the tested samples. These results illustrate the possibilities of caranan fiber to be used as a reinforcement for epoxy composites and its promising application in ballistic armor.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>36015605</pmid><doi>10.3390/polym14163348</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3926-0403</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3390-3524</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1208-1234</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4940-3682</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Antiballistic materials Armor Ballistic impact tests Composite materials Composite structures Confidence intervals Energy Energy absorption Epoxy resins Fiber reinforcement Impact resistance Impact tests Lignocellulose Polymers Synthetic fibers Variance analysis Velocity |
| title | Ballistic Properties and Izod Impact Resistance of Novel Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Caranan Fiber (Mauritiella armata) |
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