Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation and cloning of candidate reference genes in suspension cells of Artemisia pallens Wall. ex DC

A reliable and stable Agrobacterium -mediated genetic transformation system for Artemisia pallens has been developed using cell suspension cultures derived from cotyledon explants. Cotyledon, attached cotyledon, and compound leaves were found to be suitable for the induction of callus among five different types of explants tested. The yellow friable callus derived from attached cotyledon was used to initiate suspension cultures in Suspension Culture Medium (SCM) which was supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 2.0 mg L −1 and in combination with different concentrations of Zeatin (ZEA) at 0.25 mg L −1 . Two different shock treatments, cold shock (at 4 ℃) for 20 min and heat shock (at 45 ℃) treatment for 5 min, heat shock treatment increased the transformation efficiency. The supplementation of Pluronic F-68 (0.05%) significantly enhanced the transformation efficiency of suspension cultures, whereas Silwet L-77 (0.05%) leads to more browning of the cells and reduced the transformation efficiency. The maximum GUS intensity was recorded with an optimal intensity of blue spots in the transformed cells. The highest GUS fluorometric activity measured was 879.4 ± 113.7 nmol 4MU/mg/min in transformed cell suspension cultures. The hygromycin-resistant calli showed intense blue color in GUS histochemical assay. The transgene integration into the plant genome was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using uidA specific primers in six hygromycin-resistant cell lines. The partial coding sequence of three candidate reference genes, i.e., ADP-ribosylation factor ( Arf ), β-actin ( Act ), and ubiquitin ( Ubi ), and carotenoid biosynthesis pathway gene, i.e., Phytoene desaturase ( Pds ) were cloned, sequenced, and submitted to NCBI for the first time. The quantitative mRNA expression of the transgene ( uidA ) and internal ApPds gene were evaluated in transgenic callus lines. The present Agrobacterium- mediated genetic transformation protocol could help in better understanding of the metabolic pathways of this medicinally important plant and its genetic improvement.