Non‐psychotropic Cannabis sativa L. phytocomplex modulates microglial inflammatory response through CB2 receptors‐, endocannabinoids‐, and NF‐κB‐mediated signaling
Cannabis sativa L. is increasingly emerging for its protective role in modulating neuroinflammation, a complex process orchestrated among others by microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Phytocannabinoids, especially cannabidiol (CBD), terpenes, and other constituents tr...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Phytotherapy research 2022-05, Vol.36 (5), p.2246-2263 |
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| creator | Borgonetti, Vittoria Benatti, Cristina Governa, Paolo Isoldi, Giovanni Pellati, Federica Alboni, Silvia Tascedda, Fabio Montopoli, Monica Galeotti, Nicoletta Manetti, Fabrizio Miraldi, Elisabetta Biagi, Marco Rigillo, Giovanna |
| description | Cannabis sativa L. is increasingly emerging for its protective role in modulating neuroinflammation, a complex process orchestrated among others by microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Phytocannabinoids, especially cannabidiol (CBD), terpenes, and other constituents trigger several upstream and downstream microglial intracellular pathways. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of a CBD‐ and terpenes‐enriched C. sativa extract (CSE) in an in vitro model of neuroinflammation. We evaluated the effect of CSE on the inflammatory response induced by exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BV‐2 microglial cells, compared with CBD and β‐caryophyllene (CAR), CB2 receptors (CB2r) inverse and full agonist, respectively. The LPS‐induced upregulation of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α was significantly attenuated by CSE and only partially by CBD, whereas CAR was ineffective. In BV‐2 cells, these anti‐inflammatory effects exerted by CSE phytocomplex were only partially dependent on CB2r modulation and they were mediated by the regulation of enzymes responsible for the endocannabinoids metabolism, by the inhibition of reactive oxygen species release and the modulation of JNK/p38 cascade with consequent NF‐κB p65 nuclear translocation suppression. Our data suggest that C. sativa phytocomplex and its multitarget mechanism could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammatory‐related diseases. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/ptr.7458 |
| format | Article |
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Phytocannabinoids, especially cannabidiol (CBD), terpenes, and other constituents trigger several upstream and downstream microglial intracellular pathways. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of a CBD‐ and terpenes‐enriched C. sativa extract (CSE) in an in vitro model of neuroinflammation. We evaluated the effect of CSE on the inflammatory response induced by exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BV‐2 microglial cells, compared with CBD and β‐caryophyllene (CAR), CB2 receptors (CB2r) inverse and full agonist, respectively. The LPS‐induced upregulation of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α was significantly attenuated by CSE and only partially by CBD, whereas CAR was ineffective. In BV‐2 cells, these anti‐inflammatory effects exerted by CSE phytocomplex were only partially dependent on CB2r modulation and they were mediated by the regulation of enzymes responsible for the endocannabinoids metabolism, by the inhibition of reactive oxygen species release and the modulation of JNK/p38 cascade with consequent NF‐κB p65 nuclear translocation suppression. Our data suggest that C. sativa phytocomplex and its multitarget mechanism could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammatory‐related diseases.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0951-418X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1099-1573</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7458</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35393641</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</publisher><subject>Cannabidiol ; Cannabinoid CB2 receptors ; Cannabinoids ; Cannabis ; Cannabis sativa ; Cannabis sativa L ; Caryophyllene ; Central nervous system ; Cytokines ; Immune system ; Inflammation ; Inflammatory response ; Interleukin 6 ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Metabolism ; Microglia ; Modulation ; Molecular modelling ; Nuclear transport ; phytocomplex ; Reactive oxygen species ; Receptors ; Terpenes ; Translocation ; Tumor necrosis factor ; β‐Caryophyllene</subject><ispartof>Phytotherapy research, 2022-05, Vol.36 (5), p.2246-2263</ispartof><rights>2022 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2022 The Authors. Phytotherapy Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2022. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). 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In BV‐2 cells, these anti‐inflammatory effects exerted by CSE phytocomplex were only partially dependent on CB2r modulation and they were mediated by the regulation of enzymes responsible for the endocannabinoids metabolism, by the inhibition of reactive oxygen species release and the modulation of JNK/p38 cascade with consequent NF‐κB p65 nuclear translocation suppression. 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Benatti, Cristina ; Governa, Paolo ; Isoldi, Giovanni ; Pellati, Federica ; Alboni, Silvia ; Tascedda, Fabio ; Montopoli, Monica ; Galeotti, Nicoletta ; Manetti, Fabrizio ; Miraldi, Elisabetta ; Biagi, Marco ; Rigillo, Giovanna</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3688-82d30e74de99735d05ae9a05d34797f2465a78eb1541a1f0b6420e626132e1783</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Cannabidiol</topic><topic>Cannabinoid CB2 receptors</topic><topic>Cannabinoids</topic><topic>Cannabis</topic><topic>Cannabis sativa</topic><topic>Cannabis sativa L</topic><topic>Caryophyllene</topic><topic>Central nervous system</topic><topic>Cytokines</topic><topic>Immune system</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Inflammatory response</topic><topic>Interleukin 6</topic><topic>Lipopolysaccharides</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Microglia</topic><topic>Modulation</topic><topic>Molecular modelling</topic><topic>Nuclear transport</topic><topic>phytocomplex</topic><topic>Reactive oxygen species</topic><topic>Receptors</topic><topic>Terpenes</topic><topic>Translocation</topic><topic>Tumor necrosis factor</topic><topic>β‐Caryophyllene</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Borgonetti, Vittoria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Benatti, Cristina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Governa, Paolo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Isoldi, Giovanni</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pellati, Federica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alboni, Silvia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tascedda, Fabio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Montopoli, Monica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Galeotti, Nicoletta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Manetti, Fabrizio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miraldi, Elisabetta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Biagi, Marco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rigillo, Giovanna</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley Online Library (Open Access Collection)</collection><collection>Wiley Online Library Free Content</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Phytotherapy research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Borgonetti, Vittoria</au><au>Benatti, Cristina</au><au>Governa, Paolo</au><au>Isoldi, Giovanni</au><au>Pellati, Federica</au><au>Alboni, Silvia</au><au>Tascedda, Fabio</au><au>Montopoli, Monica</au><au>Galeotti, Nicoletta</au><au>Manetti, Fabrizio</au><au>Miraldi, Elisabetta</au><au>Biagi, Marco</au><au>Rigillo, Giovanna</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Non‐psychotropic Cannabis sativa L. phytocomplex modulates microglial inflammatory response through CB2 receptors‐, endocannabinoids‐, and NF‐κB‐mediated signaling</atitle><jtitle>Phytotherapy research</jtitle><addtitle>Phytother Res</addtitle><date>2022-05</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>36</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>2246</spage><epage>2263</epage><pages>2246-2263</pages><issn>0951-418X</issn><eissn>1099-1573</eissn><abstract>Cannabis sativa L. is increasingly emerging for its protective role in modulating neuroinflammation, a complex process orchestrated among others by microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Phytocannabinoids, especially cannabidiol (CBD), terpenes, and other constituents trigger several upstream and downstream microglial intracellular pathways. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of a CBD‐ and terpenes‐enriched C. sativa extract (CSE) in an in vitro model of neuroinflammation. We evaluated the effect of CSE on the inflammatory response induced by exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BV‐2 microglial cells, compared with CBD and β‐caryophyllene (CAR), CB2 receptors (CB2r) inverse and full agonist, respectively. The LPS‐induced upregulation of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α was significantly attenuated by CSE and only partially by CBD, whereas CAR was ineffective. In BV‐2 cells, these anti‐inflammatory effects exerted by CSE phytocomplex were only partially dependent on CB2r modulation and they were mediated by the regulation of enzymes responsible for the endocannabinoids metabolism, by the inhibition of reactive oxygen species release and the modulation of JNK/p38 cascade with consequent NF‐κB p65 nuclear translocation suppression. 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| subjects | Cannabidiol Cannabinoid CB2 receptors Cannabinoids Cannabis Cannabis sativa Cannabis sativa L Caryophyllene Central nervous system Cytokines Immune system Inflammation Inflammatory response Interleukin 6 Lipopolysaccharides Metabolism Microglia Modulation Molecular modelling Nuclear transport phytocomplex Reactive oxygen species Receptors Terpenes Translocation Tumor necrosis factor β‐Caryophyllene |
| title | Non‐psychotropic Cannabis sativa L. phytocomplex modulates microglial inflammatory response through CB2 receptors‐, endocannabinoids‐, and NF‐κB‐mediated signaling |
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