CdS Quantum Dots as Potent Photoreductants for Organic Chemistry Enabled by Auger Processes
Strong reducing agents (
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Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of the American Chemical Society 2022-07, Vol.144 (27), p.12229-12246 |
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creator | Widness, Jonas K. Enny, Daniel G. McFarlane-Connelly, Kaelyn S. Miedenbauer, Mahilet T. Krauss, Todd D. Weix, Daniel J. |
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doi_str_mv | 10.1021/jacs.2c03235 |
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Stoichiometric metallic reductants such as alkali metals and SmI2 are commonly employed for these reactions; however, considerations including expense, ease of use, safety, and waste generation limit the practicality of these methods. Recent approaches utilizing energy from multiple photons or electron-primed photoredox catalysis have accessed reduction potentials equivalent to Li0 and shown how this enables selective transformations of aryl chlorides via aryl radicals. However, in some cases, low stability of catalytic intermediates can limit turnover numbers. Herein, we report the ability of CdS nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) to function as strong photoreductants and present evidence that a highly reducing electron is generated from two consecutive photoexcitations of CdS QDs with intermediate reductive quenching. Mechanistic experiments suggest that Auger recombination, a photophysical phenomenon known to occur in photoexcited anionic QDs, generates transient thermally excited electrons to enable the observed reductions. Using blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and sacrificial amine reductants, aryl chlorides and phosphate esters with reduction potentials up to −3.4 V vs SCE are photoreductively cleaved to afford hydrodefunctionalized or functionalized products. In contrast to small-molecule catalysts, QDs are stable under these conditions and turnover numbers up to 47 500 have been achieved. These conditions can also effect other challenging reductions, such as tosylate protecting group removal from amines, debenzylation of benzyl-protected alcohols, and reductive ring opening of cyclopropane carboxylic acid derivatives.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0002-7863</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1520-5126</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03235</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35772053</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Chemical Society</publisher><subject>Catalysis ; Chemistry, Organic ; Electrons ; Quantum Dots - chemistry ; Reducing Agents</subject><ispartof>Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2022-07, Vol.144 (27), p.12229-12246</ispartof><rights>2022 American Chemical Society</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a417t-ac0fa26c440b4c937ebb06d5f723d2964b80d58699dcc161446bd82c4bd2265a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a417t-ac0fa26c440b4c937ebb06d5f723d2964b80d58699dcc161446bd82c4bd2265a3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8085-7167 ; 0000-0002-6522-2064 ; 0000-0002-7507-8254 ; 0000-0002-4860-874X ; 0000-0002-9552-3378 ; 0000-0002-8644-4694</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jacs.2c03235$$EPDF$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.2c03235$$EHTML$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,2765,27076,27924,27925,56738,56788</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35772053$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Widness, Jonas K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Enny, Daniel G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McFarlane-Connelly, Kaelyn S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miedenbauer, Mahilet T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krauss, Todd D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weix, Daniel J.</creatorcontrib><title>CdS Quantum Dots as Potent Photoreductants for Organic Chemistry Enabled by Auger Processes</title><title>Journal of the American Chemical Society</title><addtitle>J. Am. Chem. Soc</addtitle><description>Strong reducing agents (<−2.0 V vs saturated calomel electrode (SCE)) enable a wide array of useful organic chemistry, but suffer from a variety of limitations. Stoichiometric metallic reductants such as alkali metals and SmI2 are commonly employed for these reactions; however, considerations including expense, ease of use, safety, and waste generation limit the practicality of these methods. Recent approaches utilizing energy from multiple photons or electron-primed photoredox catalysis have accessed reduction potentials equivalent to Li0 and shown how this enables selective transformations of aryl chlorides via aryl radicals. However, in some cases, low stability of catalytic intermediates can limit turnover numbers. Herein, we report the ability of CdS nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) to function as strong photoreductants and present evidence that a highly reducing electron is generated from two consecutive photoexcitations of CdS QDs with intermediate reductive quenching. Mechanistic experiments suggest that Auger recombination, a photophysical phenomenon known to occur in photoexcited anionic QDs, generates transient thermally excited electrons to enable the observed reductions. Using blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and sacrificial amine reductants, aryl chlorides and phosphate esters with reduction potentials up to −3.4 V vs SCE are photoreductively cleaved to afford hydrodefunctionalized or functionalized products. In contrast to small-molecule catalysts, QDs are stable under these conditions and turnover numbers up to 47 500 have been achieved. These conditions can also effect other challenging reductions, such as tosylate protecting group removal from amines, debenzylation of benzyl-protected alcohols, and reductive ring opening of cyclopropane carboxylic acid derivatives.</description><subject>Catalysis</subject><subject>Chemistry, Organic</subject><subject>Electrons</subject><subject>Quantum Dots - chemistry</subject><subject>Reducing Agents</subject><issn>0002-7863</issn><issn>1520-5126</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNptkMtLw0AQxhdRbK3ePMsePZi67yQXocT6AKEV9eRh2VfalDZbdhOh_70prUXB0zDM930z8wPgEqMhRgTfLpSJQ2IQJZQfgT7mBCUcE3EM-gghkqSZoD1wFuOiaxnJ8CnoUZ6mBHHaB5-FfYOvraqbdgXvfROhinDqG1c3cDr3jQ_Otqbp5hGWPsBJmKm6MrCYu1UVm7CB41rppbNQb-ConbkAp8EbF6OL5-CkVMvoLvZ1AD4exu_FU_IyeXwuRi-JYjhtEmVQqYgwjCHNTE5TpzUSlpcpoZbkgukMWZ6JPLfGYIEZE9pmxDBtCRFc0QG42-WuW71y1nS3B7WU61CtVNhIryr5d1JXcznzXzKnSNA07wJudgEm-BiDKw9ejOQWstxClnvInfzq976D-IdqJ7jeCbauhW9D3b3_f9Y3jryHNw</recordid><startdate>20220713</startdate><enddate>20220713</enddate><creator>Widness, Jonas K.</creator><creator>Enny, Daniel G.</creator><creator>McFarlane-Connelly, Kaelyn S.</creator><creator>Miedenbauer, Mahilet T.</creator><creator>Krauss, Todd D.</creator><creator>Weix, Daniel J.</creator><general>American Chemical Society</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8085-7167</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6522-2064</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7507-8254</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4860-874X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9552-3378</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8644-4694</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220713</creationdate><title>CdS Quantum Dots as Potent Photoreductants for Organic Chemistry Enabled by Auger Processes</title><author>Widness, Jonas K. ; Enny, Daniel G. ; McFarlane-Connelly, Kaelyn S. ; Miedenbauer, Mahilet T. ; Krauss, Todd D. ; Weix, Daniel J.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a417t-ac0fa26c440b4c937ebb06d5f723d2964b80d58699dcc161446bd82c4bd2265a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Catalysis</topic><topic>Chemistry, Organic</topic><topic>Electrons</topic><topic>Quantum Dots - chemistry</topic><topic>Reducing Agents</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Widness, Jonas K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Enny, Daniel G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McFarlane-Connelly, Kaelyn S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miedenbauer, Mahilet T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krauss, Todd D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weix, Daniel J.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of the American Chemical Society</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Widness, Jonas K.</au><au>Enny, Daniel G.</au><au>McFarlane-Connelly, Kaelyn S.</au><au>Miedenbauer, Mahilet T.</au><au>Krauss, Todd D.</au><au>Weix, Daniel J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>CdS Quantum Dots as Potent Photoreductants for Organic Chemistry Enabled by Auger Processes</atitle><jtitle>Journal of the American Chemical Society</jtitle><addtitle>J. Am. Chem. Soc</addtitle><date>2022-07-13</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>144</volume><issue>27</issue><spage>12229</spage><epage>12246</epage><pages>12229-12246</pages><issn>0002-7863</issn><eissn>1520-5126</eissn><abstract>Strong reducing agents (<−2.0 V vs saturated calomel electrode (SCE)) enable a wide array of useful organic chemistry, but suffer from a variety of limitations. Stoichiometric metallic reductants such as alkali metals and SmI2 are commonly employed for these reactions; however, considerations including expense, ease of use, safety, and waste generation limit the practicality of these methods. Recent approaches utilizing energy from multiple photons or electron-primed photoredox catalysis have accessed reduction potentials equivalent to Li0 and shown how this enables selective transformations of aryl chlorides via aryl radicals. However, in some cases, low stability of catalytic intermediates can limit turnover numbers. Herein, we report the ability of CdS nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) to function as strong photoreductants and present evidence that a highly reducing electron is generated from two consecutive photoexcitations of CdS QDs with intermediate reductive quenching. Mechanistic experiments suggest that Auger recombination, a photophysical phenomenon known to occur in photoexcited anionic QDs, generates transient thermally excited electrons to enable the observed reductions. Using blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and sacrificial amine reductants, aryl chlorides and phosphate esters with reduction potentials up to −3.4 V vs SCE are photoreductively cleaved to afford hydrodefunctionalized or functionalized products. In contrast to small-molecule catalysts, QDs are stable under these conditions and turnover numbers up to 47 500 have been achieved. These conditions can also effect other challenging reductions, such as tosylate protecting group removal from amines, debenzylation of benzyl-protected alcohols, and reductive ring opening of cyclopropane carboxylic acid derivatives.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Chemical Society</pub><pmid>35772053</pmid><doi>10.1021/jacs.2c03235</doi><tpages>18</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8085-7167</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6522-2064</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7507-8254</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4860-874X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9552-3378</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8644-4694</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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title | CdS Quantum Dots as Potent Photoreductants for Organic Chemistry Enabled by Auger Processes |
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