Clostridium piliforme infection (Tyzzer disease) in horses: retrospective study of 25 cases and literature review
Tyzzer disease (TD) is caused by Clostridium piliforme, a gram-negative and obligate intracellular bacterium. The disease occurs in multiple species. A triad of lesions, namely colitis, hepatitis, and myocarditis, is described in cases of TD in some species, such as rats and mice. We carried out a r...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation 2022-05, Vol.34 (3), p.421-428 |
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| creator | García, Juan A. Navarro, Mauricio A. Fresneda, Karina Uzal, Francisco A. |
| description | Tyzzer disease (TD) is caused by Clostridium piliforme, a gram-negative and obligate intracellular bacterium. The disease occurs in multiple species. A triad of lesions, namely colitis, hepatitis, and myocarditis, is described in cases of TD in some species, such as rats and mice. We carried out a retrospective analysis of 25 equine cases with a diagnosis of TD; 24 of 25 cases occurred in foals |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1177/10406387211031213 |
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The disease occurs in multiple species. A triad of lesions, namely colitis, hepatitis, and myocarditis, is described in cases of TD in some species, such as rats and mice. We carried out a retrospective analysis of 25 equine cases with a diagnosis of TD; 24 of 25 cases occurred in foals <45 d old; the remaining foal was 90 d old. There were 12 males and 12 females; no sex information was available for one foal. The affected breeds were Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, Arabian, Paint, and Hanoverian. Most of the cases (19 of 25) occurred in the spring. There were 9 cases of sudden death; the remaining animals had diarrhea, fever, distended abdomen, depression, weakness, non-responsiveness, and/or recumbency. Gross findings included icterus, hepatomegaly with acinar pattern, serosal hemorrhages, pulmonary edema, and/or fluid content in small and large intestine. Microscopically, all foals had severe, multifocal, necrotizing hepatitis. Necrotizing lymphohistiocytic colitis was observed in 10 of 25 foals, and multifocal necrotizing myocarditis was found in 8 of 25. Gram-negative, Steiner-positive, intracytoplasmic filamentous bacteria were observed in hepatocytes, enterocytes, and myocardiocytes, respectively. PCR detected C. piliforme DNA in the liver (24 of 24), colon (20 of 24), and heart (5 of 25). Our results indicate that necrotic hepatitis is the hallmark of TD in horses; the so-called triad of lesions is not a consistent characteristic of the disease in this species.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1040-6387</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1943-4936</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1943-4936</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1177/10406387211031213</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34238069</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications</publisher><subject>Animals ; Clostridiales ; Clostridium - genetics ; Clostridium Infections - microbiology ; Clostridium Infections - veterinary ; Colitis - veterinary ; Female ; Horse Diseases - diagnosis ; Horses ; Male ; Mice ; Myocarditis - veterinary ; Rats ; Retrospective Studies ; Special section on equine GI disease</subject><ispartof>Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation, 2022-05, Vol.34 (3), p.421-428</ispartof><rights>2021 The Author(s)</rights><rights>2021 The Author(s) 2021 American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c438t-fec2765003c36bd55c1261bb28850ae8cb548ff81207268a8524257a11d571c83</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c438t-fec2765003c36bd55c1261bb28850ae8cb548ff81207268a8524257a11d571c83</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0681-1878 ; 0000-0002-7744-8052</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9254052/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9254052/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,21819,27924,27925,43621,43622,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34238069$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>García, Juan A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Navarro, Mauricio A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fresneda, Karina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Uzal, Francisco A.</creatorcontrib><title>Clostridium piliforme infection (Tyzzer disease) in horses: retrospective study of 25 cases and literature review</title><title>Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation</title><addtitle>J Vet Diagn Invest</addtitle><description>Tyzzer disease (TD) is caused by Clostridium piliforme, a gram-negative and obligate intracellular bacterium. The disease occurs in multiple species. A triad of lesions, namely colitis, hepatitis, and myocarditis, is described in cases of TD in some species, such as rats and mice. We carried out a retrospective analysis of 25 equine cases with a diagnosis of TD; 24 of 25 cases occurred in foals <45 d old; the remaining foal was 90 d old. There were 12 males and 12 females; no sex information was available for one foal. The affected breeds were Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, Arabian, Paint, and Hanoverian. Most of the cases (19 of 25) occurred in the spring. There were 9 cases of sudden death; the remaining animals had diarrhea, fever, distended abdomen, depression, weakness, non-responsiveness, and/or recumbency. Gross findings included icterus, hepatomegaly with acinar pattern, serosal hemorrhages, pulmonary edema, and/or fluid content in small and large intestine. Microscopically, all foals had severe, multifocal, necrotizing hepatitis. Necrotizing lymphohistiocytic colitis was observed in 10 of 25 foals, and multifocal necrotizing myocarditis was found in 8 of 25. Gram-negative, Steiner-positive, intracytoplasmic filamentous bacteria were observed in hepatocytes, enterocytes, and myocardiocytes, respectively. PCR detected C. piliforme DNA in the liver (24 of 24), colon (20 of 24), and heart (5 of 25). Our results indicate that necrotic hepatitis is the hallmark of TD in horses; the so-called triad of lesions is not a consistent characteristic of the disease in this species.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Clostridiales</subject><subject>Clostridium - genetics</subject><subject>Clostridium Infections - microbiology</subject><subject>Clostridium Infections - veterinary</subject><subject>Colitis - veterinary</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Horse Diseases - diagnosis</subject><subject>Horses</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Myocarditis - veterinary</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>Special section on equine GI disease</subject><issn>1040-6387</issn><issn>1943-4936</issn><issn>1943-4936</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kUtP3DAUhS1EVSj0B7CpvKSLUF8_Eg8LpGrUBxISG1hbjnMDRkk82M5Uw6-vRwOoFRIrWzrfPfdxCDkBdgbQNN-ASVYL3XAAJoCD2COHsJCikgtR75d_0astcEA-pfTAmOKqgY_kQEguNKsXh-RxOYSUo-_8PNKVH3wf4ojUTz267MNET282T08YaecT2oRfi0TvQ0yYzmnEHENabck10pTnbkNDT7mirqCJ2qmjg88YbZ4jFnzt8c8x-dDbIeHn5_eI3P78cbP8XV1d_7pcfr-qnBQ6V6U_b2rFmHCibjulHPAa2pZrrZhF7Voldd9r4KzhtbZacVm2swBd2dFpcUQudr6ruR2xczjlaAezin60cWOC9eZ_ZfL35i6szYIrWS5VDE6fDWJ4nDFlM_rkcBjshGFOhivFeM2UVAWFHerKPVLE_rUNMLONyryJqtR8-Xe-14qXbApwtgOSvUPzEOY4lXu94_gXwg2dJg</recordid><startdate>20220501</startdate><enddate>20220501</enddate><creator>García, Juan A.</creator><creator>Navarro, Mauricio A.</creator><creator>Fresneda, Karina</creator><creator>Uzal, Francisco A.</creator><general>SAGE Publications</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-1878</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7744-8052</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220501</creationdate><title>Clostridium piliforme infection (Tyzzer disease) in horses: retrospective study of 25 cases and literature review</title><author>García, Juan A. ; Navarro, Mauricio A. ; Fresneda, Karina ; Uzal, Francisco A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c438t-fec2765003c36bd55c1261bb28850ae8cb548ff81207268a8524257a11d571c83</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Clostridiales</topic><topic>Clostridium - genetics</topic><topic>Clostridium Infections - microbiology</topic><topic>Clostridium Infections - veterinary</topic><topic>Colitis - veterinary</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Horse Diseases - diagnosis</topic><topic>Horses</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mice</topic><topic>Myocarditis - veterinary</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>Special section on equine GI disease</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>García, Juan A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Navarro, Mauricio A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fresneda, Karina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Uzal, Francisco A.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>García, Juan A.</au><au>Navarro, Mauricio A.</au><au>Fresneda, Karina</au><au>Uzal, Francisco A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Clostridium piliforme infection (Tyzzer disease) in horses: retrospective study of 25 cases and literature review</atitle><jtitle>Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation</jtitle><addtitle>J Vet Diagn Invest</addtitle><date>2022-05-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>34</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>421</spage><epage>428</epage><pages>421-428</pages><issn>1040-6387</issn><issn>1943-4936</issn><eissn>1943-4936</eissn><abstract>Tyzzer disease (TD) is caused by Clostridium piliforme, a gram-negative and obligate intracellular bacterium. The disease occurs in multiple species. A triad of lesions, namely colitis, hepatitis, and myocarditis, is described in cases of TD in some species, such as rats and mice. We carried out a retrospective analysis of 25 equine cases with a diagnosis of TD; 24 of 25 cases occurred in foals <45 d old; the remaining foal was 90 d old. There were 12 males and 12 females; no sex information was available for one foal. The affected breeds were Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, Arabian, Paint, and Hanoverian. Most of the cases (19 of 25) occurred in the spring. There were 9 cases of sudden death; the remaining animals had diarrhea, fever, distended abdomen, depression, weakness, non-responsiveness, and/or recumbency. Gross findings included icterus, hepatomegaly with acinar pattern, serosal hemorrhages, pulmonary edema, and/or fluid content in small and large intestine. Microscopically, all foals had severe, multifocal, necrotizing hepatitis. Necrotizing lymphohistiocytic colitis was observed in 10 of 25 foals, and multifocal necrotizing myocarditis was found in 8 of 25. Gram-negative, Steiner-positive, intracytoplasmic filamentous bacteria were observed in hepatocytes, enterocytes, and myocardiocytes, respectively. PCR detected C. piliforme DNA in the liver (24 of 24), colon (20 of 24), and heart (5 of 25). Our results indicate that necrotic hepatitis is the hallmark of TD in horses; the so-called triad of lesions is not a consistent characteristic of the disease in this species.</abstract><cop>Los Angeles, CA</cop><pub>SAGE Publications</pub><pmid>34238069</pmid><doi>10.1177/10406387211031213</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-1878</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7744-8052</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; SAGE Complete A-Z List; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Animals Clostridiales Clostridium - genetics Clostridium Infections - microbiology Clostridium Infections - veterinary Colitis - veterinary Female Horse Diseases - diagnosis Horses Male Mice Myocarditis - veterinary Rats Retrospective Studies Special section on equine GI disease |
| title | Clostridium piliforme infection (Tyzzer disease) in horses: retrospective study of 25 cases and literature review |
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