Mechanical and Physical Properties of Particleboard Made from the Sumatran Elephant ( Elephas maximus sumatranus ) Dung and Wood Shaving
Sumatran elephants ( ) are the world's largest living land mammals. The elephant's digestive system can only absorb 40% of the nutrients in digested feed, and the remainder is excreted as dung. Elephant dung waste can be used as a particleboard material due to its high fiber content. The o...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Polymers 2022-05, Vol.14 (11), p.2237 |
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| creator | Hartono, Rudi Dalimunthe, Ahmad Mubarok Iswanto, Apri Heri Herawati, Evalina Sutiawan, Jajang de Azevedo, Afonso R G |
| description | Sumatran elephants (
) are the world's largest living land mammals. The elephant's digestive system can only absorb 40% of the nutrients in digested feed, and the remainder is excreted as dung. Elephant dung waste can be used as a particleboard material due to its high fiber content. The objectives of this study are: (i) to prepare elephant dung waste as raw material for particleboard, (ii) to improve elephant dung particleboard's physical and mechanical properties using wood shavings, and (iii) to study the influence of several parameters on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. The particleboard dimensions and density were set at 20 cm × 20 cm × 1 cm and 0.8 g/cm
, respectively. The mixture ratio of elephant dung and wood shavings was 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50 (%
). This mixture ratio of particles was sprayed with 7% isocyanate adhesive. The pressing at a pressure of 30 kg/cm
for 5 min and 160 °C was used in this study. The physical and mechanical properties of particleboard were tested according to JIS A 5908 (2003) standard. The result shows that the addition of wood shaving improved the elephant dung particleboard's physical and mechanical properties. Except for moisture content and water absorption, the addition of wood shavings has a significant effect on elephant dung particleboard's physical and mechanical properties. The best ratio of elephant dung and wood-shaving for this research is 50/50 and has fulfilled the JIS A 5908-2003 standard, except for thickness swelling. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/polym14112237 |
| format | Article |
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) are the world's largest living land mammals. The elephant's digestive system can only absorb 40% of the nutrients in digested feed, and the remainder is excreted as dung. Elephant dung waste can be used as a particleboard material due to its high fiber content. The objectives of this study are: (i) to prepare elephant dung waste as raw material for particleboard, (ii) to improve elephant dung particleboard's physical and mechanical properties using wood shavings, and (iii) to study the influence of several parameters on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. The particleboard dimensions and density were set at 20 cm × 20 cm × 1 cm and 0.8 g/cm
, respectively. The mixture ratio of elephant dung and wood shavings was 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50 (%
). This mixture ratio of particles was sprayed with 7% isocyanate adhesive. The pressing at a pressure of 30 kg/cm
for 5 min and 160 °C was used in this study. The physical and mechanical properties of particleboard were tested according to JIS A 5908 (2003) standard. The result shows that the addition of wood shaving improved the elephant dung particleboard's physical and mechanical properties. Except for moisture content and water absorption, the addition of wood shavings has a significant effect on elephant dung particleboard's physical and mechanical properties. The best ratio of elephant dung and wood-shaving for this research is 50/50 and has fulfilled the JIS A 5908-2003 standard, except for thickness swelling.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4360</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4360</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/polym14112237</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35683909</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Acids ; Composite materials ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; Data analysis ; Digestive system ; Dung ; Elephants ; Isocyanates ; Mechanical properties ; Mixtures ; Moisture content ; Moisture effects ; Morphology ; Nutrients ; Pandemics ; Particle board ; Physical properties ; Raw materials ; Shavings ; Sorghum ; Water absorption</subject><ispartof>Polymers, 2022-05, Vol.14 (11), p.2237</ispartof><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2022 by the authors. 2022</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3307-7655fd817d4ab3d0c249b8fe51522936ce427d69ef41551a2958858f1fab55323</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3307-7655fd817d4ab3d0c249b8fe51522936ce427d69ef41551a2958858f1fab55323</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4694-4459 ; 0000-0003-3574-2824 ; 0000-0002-4243-1429</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9182665/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9182665/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35683909$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hartono, Rudi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dalimunthe, Ahmad Mubarok</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iswanto, Apri Heri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Herawati, Evalina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sutiawan, Jajang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Azevedo, Afonso R G</creatorcontrib><title>Mechanical and Physical Properties of Particleboard Made from the Sumatran Elephant ( Elephas maximus sumatranus ) Dung and Wood Shaving</title><title>Polymers</title><addtitle>Polymers (Basel)</addtitle><description>Sumatran elephants (
) are the world's largest living land mammals. The elephant's digestive system can only absorb 40% of the nutrients in digested feed, and the remainder is excreted as dung. Elephant dung waste can be used as a particleboard material due to its high fiber content. The objectives of this study are: (i) to prepare elephant dung waste as raw material for particleboard, (ii) to improve elephant dung particleboard's physical and mechanical properties using wood shavings, and (iii) to study the influence of several parameters on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. The particleboard dimensions and density were set at 20 cm × 20 cm × 1 cm and 0.8 g/cm
, respectively. The mixture ratio of elephant dung and wood shavings was 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50 (%
). This mixture ratio of particles was sprayed with 7% isocyanate adhesive. The pressing at a pressure of 30 kg/cm
for 5 min and 160 °C was used in this study. The physical and mechanical properties of particleboard were tested according to JIS A 5908 (2003) standard. The result shows that the addition of wood shaving improved the elephant dung particleboard's physical and mechanical properties. Except for moisture content and water absorption, the addition of wood shavings has a significant effect on elephant dung particleboard's physical and mechanical properties. The best ratio of elephant dung and wood-shaving for this research is 50/50 and has fulfilled the JIS A 5908-2003 standard, except for thickness swelling.</description><subject>Acids</subject><subject>Composite materials</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>Data analysis</subject><subject>Digestive system</subject><subject>Dung</subject><subject>Elephants</subject><subject>Isocyanates</subject><subject>Mechanical properties</subject><subject>Mixtures</subject><subject>Moisture content</subject><subject>Moisture effects</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Nutrients</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Particle board</subject><subject>Physical properties</subject><subject>Raw materials</subject><subject>Shavings</subject><subject>Sorghum</subject><subject>Water absorption</subject><issn>2073-4360</issn><issn>2073-4360</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkU1LHTEUhkNpqWJddisBN3YxNd8z2RSKtR-geEGly5DJx52RmWSazEjvP-jPbtSrqNmcN5wnb87hBeAjRp8pleh4isNmxAxjQmj9BuwSVNOKUYHePtM7YD_nG1QO40Lg-j3YoVw05b3cBf_Onel06I0eoA4WrrpNvr-sUpxcmnuXYfRwpYs0g2ujThaea-ugT3GEc-fg5TLqOekATwc3Fa8ZHm1lhqP-249LhnnLFPkJflvC-v6z3zFaeNnp2z6sP4B3Xg_Z7W_rHrj-fnp18rM6u_jx6-TrWWUoRXVVC869bXBtmW6pRYYw2TbeccwJkVQYx0hthXSeYc6xJpI3DW889rrlnBK6B748-E5LOzprXChzDWpK_ajTRkXdq5ed0HdqHW-VxA0RgheDo61Bin8Wl2c19tm4YdDBxSUrImoukGQCFfTwFXoTlxTKencUo5IjJAtVPVAmxZyT80_DYKTuYlYvYi78wfMNnujHUOl_lcWkcQ</recordid><startdate>20220531</startdate><enddate>20220531</enddate><creator>Hartono, Rudi</creator><creator>Dalimunthe, Ahmad Mubarok</creator><creator>Iswanto, Apri Heri</creator><creator>Herawati, Evalina</creator><creator>Sutiawan, Jajang</creator><creator>de Azevedo, Afonso R G</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>COVID</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4694-4459</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3574-2824</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4243-1429</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220531</creationdate><title>Mechanical and Physical Properties of Particleboard Made from the Sumatran Elephant ( Elephas maximus sumatranus ) Dung and Wood Shaving</title><author>Hartono, Rudi ; Dalimunthe, Ahmad Mubarok ; Iswanto, Apri Heri ; Herawati, Evalina ; Sutiawan, Jajang ; de Azevedo, Afonso R G</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3307-7655fd817d4ab3d0c249b8fe51522936ce427d69ef41551a2958858f1fab55323</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Acids</topic><topic>Composite materials</topic><topic>Coronaviruses</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>Data analysis</topic><topic>Digestive system</topic><topic>Dung</topic><topic>Elephants</topic><topic>Isocyanates</topic><topic>Mechanical properties</topic><topic>Mixtures</topic><topic>Moisture content</topic><topic>Moisture effects</topic><topic>Morphology</topic><topic>Nutrients</topic><topic>Pandemics</topic><topic>Particle board</topic><topic>Physical properties</topic><topic>Raw materials</topic><topic>Shavings</topic><topic>Sorghum</topic><topic>Water absorption</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hartono, Rudi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dalimunthe, Ahmad Mubarok</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iswanto, Apri Heri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Herawati, Evalina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sutiawan, Jajang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Azevedo, Afonso R G</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Coronavirus Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Polymers</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hartono, Rudi</au><au>Dalimunthe, Ahmad Mubarok</au><au>Iswanto, Apri Heri</au><au>Herawati, Evalina</au><au>Sutiawan, Jajang</au><au>de Azevedo, Afonso R G</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Mechanical and Physical Properties of Particleboard Made from the Sumatran Elephant ( Elephas maximus sumatranus ) Dung and Wood Shaving</atitle><jtitle>Polymers</jtitle><addtitle>Polymers (Basel)</addtitle><date>2022-05-31</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>2237</spage><pages>2237-</pages><issn>2073-4360</issn><eissn>2073-4360</eissn><abstract>Sumatran elephants (
) are the world's largest living land mammals. The elephant's digestive system can only absorb 40% of the nutrients in digested feed, and the remainder is excreted as dung. Elephant dung waste can be used as a particleboard material due to its high fiber content. The objectives of this study are: (i) to prepare elephant dung waste as raw material for particleboard, (ii) to improve elephant dung particleboard's physical and mechanical properties using wood shavings, and (iii) to study the influence of several parameters on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. The particleboard dimensions and density were set at 20 cm × 20 cm × 1 cm and 0.8 g/cm
, respectively. The mixture ratio of elephant dung and wood shavings was 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50 (%
). This mixture ratio of particles was sprayed with 7% isocyanate adhesive. The pressing at a pressure of 30 kg/cm
for 5 min and 160 °C was used in this study. The physical and mechanical properties of particleboard were tested according to JIS A 5908 (2003) standard. The result shows that the addition of wood shaving improved the elephant dung particleboard's physical and mechanical properties. Except for moisture content and water absorption, the addition of wood shavings has a significant effect on elephant dung particleboard's physical and mechanical properties. The best ratio of elephant dung and wood-shaving for this research is 50/50 and has fulfilled the JIS A 5908-2003 standard, except for thickness swelling.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>35683909</pmid><doi>10.3390/polym14112237</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4694-4459</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3574-2824</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4243-1429</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central Open Access; MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Acids Composite materials Coronaviruses COVID-19 Data analysis Digestive system Dung Elephants Isocyanates Mechanical properties Mixtures Moisture content Moisture effects Morphology Nutrients Pandemics Particle board Physical properties Raw materials Shavings Sorghum Water absorption |
| title | Mechanical and Physical Properties of Particleboard Made from the Sumatran Elephant ( Elephas maximus sumatranus ) Dung and Wood Shaving |
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