An unusually long-lasting outbreak of community-acquired Legionnaires' disease, 2005–2008, Italy
An unusually long-lasting community-acquired outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease (LD) occurred in the inhabitants of a town in northern Italy from 2005 to 2008. Overall, 43 cases were diagnosed including five deaths. Hundreds of water samples were collected for Legionella isolation but only two clinic...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Epidemiology and infection 2015-08, Vol.143 (11), p.2416-2425 |
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| creator | SCATURRO, M. FONTANA, S. CRIPPA, S. CAPORALI, M. G. SEYLER, T. VESCHETTI, E. VILLA, G. ROTA, M. C. RICCI, M. L. |
| description | An unusually long-lasting community-acquired outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease (LD) occurred in the inhabitants of a town in northern Italy from 2005 to 2008. Overall, 43 cases were diagnosed including five deaths. Hundreds of water samples were collected for Legionella isolation but only two clinical samples were obtained. Clinical strains were ST23 as were environmental isolates detected in most Legionella-positive patients' homes and those from a public fountain. Although no Legionella was found in the municipal water mains, a continuous chlorination was applied in 2008. This action resulted in a halving of cases, although incidence remained tenfold higher than the Italian average incidence until the end of 2013, when it dropped to the expected rate. Retrospective analyses of prevalent wind direction suggested that a hidden cooling tower could have been the main cause of this uncommon outbreak, highlighting the importance of implementation of cooling tower registers in supporting LD investigations. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1017/S0950268814003094 |
| format | Article |
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G. ; SEYLER, T. ; VESCHETTI, E. ; VILLA, G. ; ROTA, M. C. ; RICCI, M. L.</creator><creatorcontrib>SCATURRO, M. ; FONTANA, S. ; CRIPPA, S. ; CAPORALI, M. G. ; SEYLER, T. ; VESCHETTI, E. ; VILLA, G. ; ROTA, M. C. ; RICCI, M. L.</creatorcontrib><description>An unusually long-lasting community-acquired outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease (LD) occurred in the inhabitants of a town in northern Italy from 2005 to 2008. Overall, 43 cases were diagnosed including five deaths. Hundreds of water samples were collected for Legionella isolation but only two clinical samples were obtained. Clinical strains were ST23 as were environmental isolates detected in most Legionella-positive patients' homes and those from a public fountain. Although no Legionella was found in the municipal water mains, a continuous chlorination was applied in 2008. This action resulted in a halving of cases, although incidence remained tenfold higher than the Italian average incidence until the end of 2013, when it dropped to the expected rate. Retrospective analyses of prevalent wind direction suggested that a hidden cooling tower could have been the main cause of this uncommon outbreak, highlighting the importance of implementation of cooling tower registers in supporting LD investigations.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0950-2688</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1469-4409</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1017/S0950268814003094</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25427871</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press</publisher><subject>Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Community-Acquired Infections - epidemiology ; Community-Acquired Infections - microbiology ; Cooling ; Disease Outbreaks ; Disease Reservoirs ; Drinking water ; Epidemics ; Female ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Infections ; Italy - epidemiology ; Legionella ; Legionella pneumophila - isolation & purification ; Legionnaire's disease ; Legionnaires' disease ; Legionnaires' Disease - epidemiology ; Legionnaires' Disease - microbiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Municipal water ; Original Papers ; Outbreaks ; Retrospective Studies ; Water analysis ; Water mains ; Water Microbiology ; Water Purification ; Water sampling ; Water Supply ; Wind</subject><ispartof>Epidemiology and infection, 2015-08, Vol.143 (11), p.2416-2425</ispartof><rights>Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014</rights><rights>Cambridge University Press 2014</rights><rights>Cambridge University Press 2014 2014 Cambridge University Press</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c666t-96ce3c6cef30389af298d2580b9380a1c3235b8e9614a51f1923f3229b40e9f03</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c666t-96ce3c6cef30389af298d2580b9380a1c3235b8e9614a51f1923f3229b40e9f03</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26512891$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/26512891$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,799,881,27901,27902,53766,53768,57992,58225</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25427871$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>SCATURRO, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>FONTANA, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>CRIPPA, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>CAPORALI, M. G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SEYLER, T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>VESCHETTI, E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>VILLA, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>ROTA, M. C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>RICCI, M. L.</creatorcontrib><title>An unusually long-lasting outbreak of community-acquired Legionnaires' disease, 2005–2008, Italy</title><title>Epidemiology and infection</title><addtitle>Epidemiol. Infect</addtitle><description>An unusually long-lasting community-acquired outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease (LD) occurred in the inhabitants of a town in northern Italy from 2005 to 2008. Overall, 43 cases were diagnosed including five deaths. Hundreds of water samples were collected for Legionella isolation but only two clinical samples were obtained. Clinical strains were ST23 as were environmental isolates detected in most Legionella-positive patients' homes and those from a public fountain. Although no Legionella was found in the municipal water mains, a continuous chlorination was applied in 2008. This action resulted in a halving of cases, although incidence remained tenfold higher than the Italian average incidence until the end of 2013, when it dropped to the expected rate. Retrospective analyses of prevalent wind direction suggested that a hidden cooling tower could have been the main cause of this uncommon outbreak, highlighting the importance of implementation of cooling tower registers in supporting LD investigations.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Community-Acquired Infections - epidemiology</subject><subject>Community-Acquired Infections - microbiology</subject><subject>Cooling</subject><subject>Disease Outbreaks</subject><subject>Disease Reservoirs</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Hospitals</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Italy - epidemiology</subject><subject>Legionella</subject><subject>Legionella pneumophila - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Legionnaire's disease</subject><subject>Legionnaires' disease</subject><subject>Legionnaires' Disease - epidemiology</subject><subject>Legionnaires' Disease - microbiology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Municipal water</subject><subject>Original Papers</subject><subject>Outbreaks</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>Water analysis</subject><subject>Water mains</subject><subject>Water Microbiology</subject><subject>Water Purification</subject><subject>Water sampling</subject><subject>Water Supply</subject><subject>Wind</subject><issn>0950-2688</issn><issn>1469-4409</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp1Uctu1DAUtRAVnRY-gAXIEouyaODajh17U6mqgFYaiQWwtpzECR4Su7VjpNnxD_whX0KimT4AsblXV-fccx8HoecE3hAg1dtPoDhQISUpARio8hFakVKooixBPUarBS4W_BAdpbQBAEVl9QQdUl7SSlZkhepzj7PPKZth2OIh-L4YTJqc73HIUx2t-YZDh5swjtm7aVuY5ia7aFu8tr0L3pu5SCe4dcmaZE8xBeC_fvyckzzFV5MZtk_RQWeGZJ_t8zH68v7d54vLYv3xw9XF-bpohBBToURjWTOHjgGTynRUyZZyCbViEgxpGGW8llYJUhpOOqIo6xilqi7Bqg7YMTrb6V7nerRtY_0UzaCvoxtN3OpgnP4T8e6r7sN3rQif38lngdd7gRhusk2THl1q7DAYb0NOmlSgSFUySWfqq7-om5Cjn8_TRCgKlWSwCJIdq4khpWi7u2UI6MVB_Y-Dc8_Lh1fcddxaNhNe7AibNIV4jwtOqFQLzvZDzVhH1_b2wW7_HfsbKACuuQ</recordid><startdate>20150801</startdate><enddate>20150801</enddate><creator>SCATURRO, M.</creator><creator>FONTANA, S.</creator><creator>CRIPPA, S.</creator><creator>CAPORALI, M. 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Clinical strains were ST23 as were environmental isolates detected in most Legionella-positive patients' homes and those from a public fountain. Although no Legionella was found in the municipal water mains, a continuous chlorination was applied in 2008. This action resulted in a halving of cases, although incidence remained tenfold higher than the Italian average incidence until the end of 2013, when it dropped to the expected rate. Retrospective analyses of prevalent wind direction suggested that a hidden cooling tower could have been the main cause of this uncommon outbreak, highlighting the importance of implementation of cooling tower registers in supporting LD investigations.</abstract><cop>Cambridge, UK</cop><pub>Cambridge University Press</pub><pmid>25427871</pmid><doi>10.1017/S0950268814003094</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Community-Acquired Infections - epidemiology Community-Acquired Infections - microbiology Cooling Disease Outbreaks Disease Reservoirs Drinking water Epidemics Female Hospitals Humans Infections Italy - epidemiology Legionella Legionella pneumophila - isolation & purification Legionnaire's disease Legionnaires' disease Legionnaires' Disease - epidemiology Legionnaires' Disease - microbiology Male Middle Aged Municipal water Original Papers Outbreaks Retrospective Studies Water analysis Water mains Water Microbiology Water Purification Water sampling Water Supply Wind |
| title | An unusually long-lasting outbreak of community-acquired Legionnaires' disease, 2005–2008, Italy |
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