Physicochemical properties, molecular structure, antioxidant activity, and biological function of extracellular melanin from Ascosphaera apis
Ascosphaera apis spores containing a dark-colored pigment infect honeybee larvae, resulting in a large-scale collapse of the bee colony due to chalkbrood disease. However, little is known about the pigment or whether it plays a role in bee infection caused by A. apis . In this study, the pigment was...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of Zhejiang University. B. Science 2022-05, Vol.23 (5), p.365-381 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 381 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 5 |
| container_start_page | 365 |
| container_title | Journal of Zhejiang University. B. Science |
| container_volume | 23 |
| creator | Li, Zhi Heng, Hui Qin, Qiqian Chen, Lanchun Wang, Yuedi Zhou, Zeyang |
| description | Ascosphaera apis
spores containing a dark-colored pigment infect honeybee larvae, resulting in a large-scale collapse of the bee colony due to chalkbrood disease. However, little is known about the pigment or whether it plays a role in bee infection caused by
A. apis
. In this study, the pigment was isolated by alkali extraction, acid hydrolysis, and repeated precipitation. Ultraviolet (UV) analysis revealed that the pigment had a color value of 273, a maximum absorption peak at 195 nm, and a high alkaline solubility (7.67%) and acid precipitability. Further chemical structure analysis of the pigment, including elemental composition, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), proved that it was a eumelanin with a typical indole structure. The molecular formula of melanin is C
10
H
6
O
4
N
2
, and its molecular weight is 409 Da. Melanin has hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, and phenolic groups that can potentially chelate to metal ions. Antioxidant function analyses showed that A. apis melanin had a high scavenging activity against superoxide, hydroxyl, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhyclrazyl (DPPH) radicals, and a high reducing ability to Fe
3+
. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses showed that
A. apis
melanin was located on the spore wall. The spore wall localization, antioxidant activity, and metal ion chelating properties of fungal melanin have been suggested to contribute to spore pathogenicity. However, further infection experiments showed that melanin-deficient spores did not reduce the mortality of bee larvae, indicating that melanin does not increase the virulence of
A. apis
spores. This study is the first report on melanin produced by
A. apis
, providing an important background reference for further study on its role in
A. apis
. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1631/jzus.B2100718 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>wanfang_jour_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_9110319</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><wanfj_id>zjdxxbb_e202205003</wanfj_id><sourcerecordid>zjdxxbb_e202205003</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3343-ded8ce309a395897241cc37ec6b9c06ad89e061b3d09f3564cf99de46cac4b9c3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNptkktv1DAURiMEog9YskWW2CDUDHac-LGpVCpeUiVYwNpynJsZjxI72HGZ6X_of8bTaYeHWNnyPTr3XusrihcELwij5O36JsXFu4pgzIl4VBwTwaqScEEf5zvjtCSNIEfFSYxrjOsac_a0OKJN03BMxXFx-3W1jdZ4s4LRGj2gKfgJwmwhnqHRD2DSoAOKc0hmTgHOkHaz9Rvb5RNpM9trO293rx1qrR_88s7SJ5dL3iHfI9jMQRsYhjvTCIN21qE--BFdROPjtNIQNNKTjc-KJ70eIjy_P0-L7x_ef7v8VF59-fj58uKqNJTWtOygEwYolprKRkhe1cQYysGwVhrMdCckYEZa2mHZ04bVppeyg5oZbeqM0NPifO-dUjtCZ8DlEQc1BTvqsFVeW_V3xdmVWvprJQnBlMgseLMX_NSu126p1j4Fl0dWN-tus2lbBRWuKtxgTDP8-r5b8D8SxFmNNu4-RDvwKaqKsZoLzjjP6Kt_0IM4U3lRQSTLVLmnTPAxBugPkxOsdqlQu1Soh1Rk_uWf6x7ohxhkYLEHYi65JYTfbf9v_AXIF8ea</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2667248196</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Physicochemical properties, molecular structure, antioxidant activity, and biological function of extracellular melanin from Ascosphaera apis</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry</source><creator>Li, Zhi ; Heng, Hui ; Qin, Qiqian ; Chen, Lanchun ; Wang, Yuedi ; Zhou, Zeyang</creator><creatorcontrib>Li, Zhi ; Heng, Hui ; Qin, Qiqian ; Chen, Lanchun ; Wang, Yuedi ; Zhou, Zeyang</creatorcontrib><description>Ascosphaera apis
spores containing a dark-colored pigment infect honeybee larvae, resulting in a large-scale collapse of the bee colony due to chalkbrood disease. However, little is known about the pigment or whether it plays a role in bee infection caused by
A. apis
. In this study, the pigment was isolated by alkali extraction, acid hydrolysis, and repeated precipitation. Ultraviolet (UV) analysis revealed that the pigment had a color value of 273, a maximum absorption peak at 195 nm, and a high alkaline solubility (7.67%) and acid precipitability. Further chemical structure analysis of the pigment, including elemental composition, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), proved that it was a eumelanin with a typical indole structure. The molecular formula of melanin is C
10
H
6
O
4
N
2
, and its molecular weight is 409 Da. Melanin has hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, and phenolic groups that can potentially chelate to metal ions. Antioxidant function analyses showed that A. apis melanin had a high scavenging activity against superoxide, hydroxyl, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhyclrazyl (DPPH) radicals, and a high reducing ability to Fe
3+
. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses showed that
A. apis
melanin was located on the spore wall. The spore wall localization, antioxidant activity, and metal ion chelating properties of fungal melanin have been suggested to contribute to spore pathogenicity. However, further infection experiments showed that melanin-deficient spores did not reduce the mortality of bee larvae, indicating that melanin does not increase the virulence of
A. apis
spores. This study is the first report on melanin produced by
A. apis
, providing an important background reference for further study on its role in
A. apis
.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1673-1581</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1862-1783</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1631/jzus.B2100718</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35557038</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Hangzhou: Zhejiang University Press</publisher><subject>Animals ; Antioxidants ; Antioxidants - pharmacology ; Ascosphaera apis ; Bees ; Biological activity ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedicine ; Chalkbrood disease ; Chelation ; Chemical composition ; Electron microscopy ; Fourier analysis ; Fourier transforms ; Immunofluorescence ; Infections ; Infrared analysis ; Infrared spectroscopy ; Iron ; Larva ; Larvae ; Localization ; Mass spectrometry ; Mass spectroscopy ; Melanin ; Melanins ; Metal ions ; Microscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Molecular weight ; NMR ; Nuclear magnetic resonance ; Onygenales ; Pathogenicity ; Pathogens ; Phenolic compounds ; Phenols ; Physicochemical properties ; Raman spectroscopy ; Research Article ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Scavenging ; Spectroscopy ; Spores ; Structural analysis ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Virulence</subject><ispartof>Journal of Zhejiang University. B. Science, 2022-05, Vol.23 (5), p.365-381</ispartof><rights>Zhejiang University Press 2022</rights><rights>Zhejiang University Press 2022.</rights><rights>Copyright © Wanfang Data Co. Ltd. All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3343-ded8ce309a395897241cc37ec6b9c06ad89e061b3d09f3564cf99de46cac4b9c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3343-ded8ce309a395897241cc37ec6b9c06ad89e061b3d09f3564cf99de46cac4b9c3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-1611-4873</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Uhttp://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/images/PeriodicalImages/zjdxxbb-e/zjdxxbb-e.jpg</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9110319/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9110319/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,725,778,782,883,27911,27912,41475,42544,51306,53778,53780</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35557038$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Li, Zhi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heng, Hui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Qin, Qiqian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Lanchun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yuedi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Zeyang</creatorcontrib><title>Physicochemical properties, molecular structure, antioxidant activity, and biological function of extracellular melanin from Ascosphaera apis</title><title>Journal of Zhejiang University. B. Science</title><addtitle>J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B</addtitle><addtitle>J Zhejiang Univ Sci B</addtitle><description>Ascosphaera apis
spores containing a dark-colored pigment infect honeybee larvae, resulting in a large-scale collapse of the bee colony due to chalkbrood disease. However, little is known about the pigment or whether it plays a role in bee infection caused by
A. apis
. In this study, the pigment was isolated by alkali extraction, acid hydrolysis, and repeated precipitation. Ultraviolet (UV) analysis revealed that the pigment had a color value of 273, a maximum absorption peak at 195 nm, and a high alkaline solubility (7.67%) and acid precipitability. Further chemical structure analysis of the pigment, including elemental composition, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), proved that it was a eumelanin with a typical indole structure. The molecular formula of melanin is C
10
H
6
O
4
N
2
, and its molecular weight is 409 Da. Melanin has hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, and phenolic groups that can potentially chelate to metal ions. Antioxidant function analyses showed that A. apis melanin had a high scavenging activity against superoxide, hydroxyl, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhyclrazyl (DPPH) radicals, and a high reducing ability to Fe
3+
. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses showed that
A. apis
melanin was located on the spore wall. The spore wall localization, antioxidant activity, and metal ion chelating properties of fungal melanin have been suggested to contribute to spore pathogenicity. However, further infection experiments showed that melanin-deficient spores did not reduce the mortality of bee larvae, indicating that melanin does not increase the virulence of
A. apis
spores. This study is the first report on melanin produced by
A. apis
, providing an important background reference for further study on its role in
A. apis
.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antioxidants</subject><subject>Antioxidants - pharmacology</subject><subject>Ascosphaera apis</subject><subject>Bees</subject><subject>Biological activity</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>Chalkbrood disease</subject><subject>Chelation</subject><subject>Chemical composition</subject><subject>Electron microscopy</subject><subject>Fourier analysis</subject><subject>Fourier transforms</subject><subject>Immunofluorescence</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Infrared analysis</subject><subject>Infrared spectroscopy</subject><subject>Iron</subject><subject>Larva</subject><subject>Larvae</subject><subject>Localization</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Mass spectroscopy</subject><subject>Melanin</subject><subject>Melanins</subject><subject>Metal ions</subject><subject>Microscopy</subject><subject>Molecular Structure</subject><subject>Molecular weight</subject><subject>NMR</subject><subject>Nuclear magnetic resonance</subject><subject>Onygenales</subject><subject>Pathogenicity</subject><subject>Pathogens</subject><subject>Phenolic compounds</subject><subject>Phenols</subject><subject>Physicochemical properties</subject><subject>Raman spectroscopy</subject><subject>Research Article</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>Scavenging</subject><subject>Spectroscopy</subject><subject>Spores</subject><subject>Structural analysis</subject><subject>Transmission electron microscopy</subject><subject>Virulence</subject><issn>1673-1581</issn><issn>1862-1783</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNptkktv1DAURiMEog9YskWW2CDUDHac-LGpVCpeUiVYwNpynJsZjxI72HGZ6X_of8bTaYeHWNnyPTr3XusrihcELwij5O36JsXFu4pgzIl4VBwTwaqScEEf5zvjtCSNIEfFSYxrjOsac_a0OKJN03BMxXFx-3W1jdZ4s4LRGj2gKfgJwmwhnqHRD2DSoAOKc0hmTgHOkHaz9Rvb5RNpM9trO293rx1qrR_88s7SJ5dL3iHfI9jMQRsYhjvTCIN21qE--BFdROPjtNIQNNKTjc-KJ70eIjy_P0-L7x_ef7v8VF59-fj58uKqNJTWtOygEwYolprKRkhe1cQYysGwVhrMdCckYEZa2mHZ04bVppeyg5oZbeqM0NPifO-dUjtCZ8DlEQc1BTvqsFVeW_V3xdmVWvprJQnBlMgseLMX_NSu126p1j4Fl0dWN-tus2lbBRWuKtxgTDP8-r5b8D8SxFmNNu4-RDvwKaqKsZoLzjjP6Kt_0IM4U3lRQSTLVLmnTPAxBugPkxOsdqlQu1Soh1Rk_uWf6x7ohxhkYLEHYi65JYTfbf9v_AXIF8ea</recordid><startdate>20220515</startdate><enddate>20220515</enddate><creator>Li, Zhi</creator><creator>Heng, Hui</creator><creator>Qin, Qiqian</creator><creator>Chen, Lanchun</creator><creator>Wang, Yuedi</creator><creator>Zhou, Zeyang</creator><general>Zhejiang University Press</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><general>Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology,Chongqing 401331,China%College of Life Sciences,Chongqing Normal University,Chongqing 401331,China%College of Life Sciences,Chongqing Normal University,Chongqing 401331,China</general><general>Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects,Chongqing 401331,China</general><general>Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control,Chongqing 400715,China</general><general>The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology,Southwest University,Chongqing 400715,China</general><general>College of Life Sciences,Chongqing Normal University,Chongqing 401331,China</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>2B.</scope><scope>4A8</scope><scope>92I</scope><scope>93N</scope><scope>PSX</scope><scope>TCJ</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1611-4873</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220515</creationdate><title>Physicochemical properties, molecular structure, antioxidant activity, and biological function of extracellular melanin from Ascosphaera apis</title><author>Li, Zhi ; Heng, Hui ; Qin, Qiqian ; Chen, Lanchun ; Wang, Yuedi ; Zhou, Zeyang</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3343-ded8ce309a395897241cc37ec6b9c06ad89e061b3d09f3564cf99de46cac4b9c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antioxidants</topic><topic>Antioxidants - pharmacology</topic><topic>Ascosphaera apis</topic><topic>Bees</topic><topic>Biological activity</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>Chalkbrood disease</topic><topic>Chelation</topic><topic>Chemical composition</topic><topic>Electron microscopy</topic><topic>Fourier analysis</topic><topic>Fourier transforms</topic><topic>Immunofluorescence</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Infrared analysis</topic><topic>Infrared spectroscopy</topic><topic>Iron</topic><topic>Larva</topic><topic>Larvae</topic><topic>Localization</topic><topic>Mass spectrometry</topic><topic>Mass spectroscopy</topic><topic>Melanin</topic><topic>Melanins</topic><topic>Metal ions</topic><topic>Microscopy</topic><topic>Molecular Structure</topic><topic>Molecular weight</topic><topic>NMR</topic><topic>Nuclear magnetic resonance</topic><topic>Onygenales</topic><topic>Pathogenicity</topic><topic>Pathogens</topic><topic>Phenolic compounds</topic><topic>Phenols</topic><topic>Physicochemical properties</topic><topic>Raman spectroscopy</topic><topic>Research Article</topic><topic>Scanning electron microscopy</topic><topic>Scavenging</topic><topic>Spectroscopy</topic><topic>Spores</topic><topic>Structural analysis</topic><topic>Transmission electron microscopy</topic><topic>Virulence</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Li, Zhi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heng, Hui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Qin, Qiqian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Lanchun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yuedi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Zeyang</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Wanfang Data Journals - Hong Kong</collection><collection>WANFANG Data Centre</collection><collection>Wanfang Data Journals</collection><collection>万方数据期刊 - 香港版</collection><collection>China Online Journals (COJ)</collection><collection>China Online Journals (COJ)</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of Zhejiang University. B. Science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Li, Zhi</au><au>Heng, Hui</au><au>Qin, Qiqian</au><au>Chen, Lanchun</au><au>Wang, Yuedi</au><au>Zhou, Zeyang</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Physicochemical properties, molecular structure, antioxidant activity, and biological function of extracellular melanin from Ascosphaera apis</atitle><jtitle>Journal of Zhejiang University. B. Science</jtitle><stitle>J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B</stitle><addtitle>J Zhejiang Univ Sci B</addtitle><date>2022-05-15</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>23</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>365</spage><epage>381</epage><pages>365-381</pages><issn>1673-1581</issn><eissn>1862-1783</eissn><abstract>Ascosphaera apis
spores containing a dark-colored pigment infect honeybee larvae, resulting in a large-scale collapse of the bee colony due to chalkbrood disease. However, little is known about the pigment or whether it plays a role in bee infection caused by
A. apis
. In this study, the pigment was isolated by alkali extraction, acid hydrolysis, and repeated precipitation. Ultraviolet (UV) analysis revealed that the pigment had a color value of 273, a maximum absorption peak at 195 nm, and a high alkaline solubility (7.67%) and acid precipitability. Further chemical structure analysis of the pigment, including elemental composition, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), proved that it was a eumelanin with a typical indole structure. The molecular formula of melanin is C
10
H
6
O
4
N
2
, and its molecular weight is 409 Da. Melanin has hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, and phenolic groups that can potentially chelate to metal ions. Antioxidant function analyses showed that A. apis melanin had a high scavenging activity against superoxide, hydroxyl, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhyclrazyl (DPPH) radicals, and a high reducing ability to Fe
3+
. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses showed that
A. apis
melanin was located on the spore wall. The spore wall localization, antioxidant activity, and metal ion chelating properties of fungal melanin have been suggested to contribute to spore pathogenicity. However, further infection experiments showed that melanin-deficient spores did not reduce the mortality of bee larvae, indicating that melanin does not increase the virulence of
A. apis
spores. This study is the first report on melanin produced by
A. apis
, providing an important background reference for further study on its role in
A. apis
.</abstract><cop>Hangzhou</cop><pub>Zhejiang University Press</pub><pmid>35557038</pmid><doi>10.1631/jzus.B2100718</doi><tpages>17</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1611-4873</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1673-1581 |
| ispartof | Journal of Zhejiang University. B. Science, 2022-05, Vol.23 (5), p.365-381 |
| issn | 1673-1581 1862-1783 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_9110319 |
| source | MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Animals Antioxidants Antioxidants - pharmacology Ascosphaera apis Bees Biological activity Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Chalkbrood disease Chelation Chemical composition Electron microscopy Fourier analysis Fourier transforms Immunofluorescence Infections Infrared analysis Infrared spectroscopy Iron Larva Larvae Localization Mass spectrometry Mass spectroscopy Melanin Melanins Metal ions Microscopy Molecular Structure Molecular weight NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance Onygenales Pathogenicity Pathogens Phenolic compounds Phenols Physicochemical properties Raman spectroscopy Research Article Scanning electron microscopy Scavenging Spectroscopy Spores Structural analysis Transmission electron microscopy Virulence |
| title | Physicochemical properties, molecular structure, antioxidant activity, and biological function of extracellular melanin from Ascosphaera apis |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-15T12%3A20%3A09IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-wanfang_jour_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Physicochemical%20properties,%20molecular%20structure,%20antioxidant%20activity,%20and%20biological%20function%20of%20extracellular%20melanin%20from%20Ascosphaera%20apis&rft.jtitle=Journal%20of%20Zhejiang%20University.%20B.%20Science&rft.au=Li,%20Zhi&rft.date=2022-05-15&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=365&rft.epage=381&rft.pages=365-381&rft.issn=1673-1581&rft.eissn=1862-1783&rft_id=info:doi/10.1631/jzus.B2100718&rft_dat=%3Cwanfang_jour_pubme%3Ezjdxxbb_e202205003%3C/wanfang_jour_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2667248196&rft_id=info:pmid/35557038&rft_wanfj_id=zjdxxbb_e202205003&rfr_iscdi=true |