Killing Two Birds with One Stone: Biomineralized Bacteria Tolerate Adverse Environments and Absorb Hexavalent Chromium

Heavy metal ions in contaminated water, such as hexavalent chromium, are harmful to humans. Bacterial biosorption is an ideal method for the treatment of hexavalent chromium. However, hexavalent chromium in solution causes bacteria to produce reactive oxygen species, which leads to bacterial death and affects biosorption. We developed a microfluidics-based biomimetic mineralization method to encapsulate bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis) with zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), thus allowing the bacteria to form a continuous and homogeneous shell. The artificial shells endowed bacteria with the ability to tolerate harsh environments, which was significant during the treatment of contaminated water. The adsorption of hexavalent chromium was a two-step process: first the fast physical adsorption of ZIF-8 and biosorption by bacteria (up to 30–50% adsorption in 1 day), followed by secondary biosorption after decomposition of the system. The maximum adsorption of hexavalent chromium by the encapsulated bacteria reached 90%. The microfluidic device developed in this study provides a simple method to encapsulate bacteria mildly and enable cell survival in extreme environments, offering the possibility of future microbial applications in environmental and other fields.