Effect of exposure to deltamethrin on the bufadienolide profiles in Bufo bufo gargarizans venom determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry
The population of Cantor in China has been alarmingly declining due to environmental pollution. Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid pesticide frequently used in agriculture and much of its residues are present in crops, soil and water. Deltamethrin has been shown to have toxicity to toads. Herein, we assum...
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description | The population of
Cantor in China has been alarmingly declining due to environmental pollution. Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid pesticide frequently used in agriculture and much of its residues are present in crops, soil and water. Deltamethrin has been shown to have toxicity to toads. Herein, we assumed that deltamethrin contamination might influence the biosynthesis of toxic substances present in toad venom. Bufadienolides present in venom are the toad's chemical defense and highly toxic to predators, and they are important for the survival of toad species against predators. In this study, we determined the contents of bufadienolides in toad venom using a HPLC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer to evaluate the change in bufadienolide profiles in toad venom before and after cutaneous exposure to deltamethrin. The results indicated that toads exposed to high concentration of deltamethrin survive the least, do not exuviate, and their movements are stiff. Furthermore, it was observed that high level of deltamethrin contamination induces a marked decrease in the levels of toxic bufadienolides in toad venom. These changes in the toxin profiles could lead to the compromised chemical defense of toad, leading to more susceptible to attack by predators. This is the first study to report that environmental contaminants (pesticides) can influence the toad's toxic profiles, suggesting one factor contributing to the decline in the population of
Cantor. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1039/c8ra07871h |
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Cantor in China has been alarmingly declining due to environmental pollution. Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid pesticide frequently used in agriculture and much of its residues are present in crops, soil and water. Deltamethrin has been shown to have toxicity to toads. Herein, we assumed that deltamethrin contamination might influence the biosynthesis of toxic substances present in toad venom. Bufadienolides present in venom are the toad's chemical defense and highly toxic to predators, and they are important for the survival of toad species against predators. In this study, we determined the contents of bufadienolides in toad venom using a HPLC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer to evaluate the change in bufadienolide profiles in toad venom before and after cutaneous exposure to deltamethrin. The results indicated that toads exposed to high concentration of deltamethrin survive the least, do not exuviate, and their movements are stiff. Furthermore, it was observed that high level of deltamethrin contamination induces a marked decrease in the levels of toxic bufadienolides in toad venom. These changes in the toxin profiles could lead to the compromised chemical defense of toad, leading to more susceptible to attack by predators. This is the first study to report that environmental contaminants (pesticides) can influence the toad's toxic profiles, suggesting one factor contributing to the decline in the population of
Cantor.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2046-2069</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2046-2069</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07871h</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35518013</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Royal Society of Chemistry</publisher><subject>Agrochemicals ; Biosynthesis ; Chemical attack ; Chemical defense ; Chemistry ; Contaminants ; Exposure ; High performance liquid chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Organic chemistry ; Pesticides ; Predators ; Quadrupoles ; Soil contamination ; Soil water ; Toads ; Toxicity ; Water pollution</subject><ispartof>RSC advances, 2019-01, Vol.9 (3), p.1208-1213</ispartof><rights>This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.</rights><rights>Copyright Royal Society of Chemistry 2019</rights><rights>This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c447t-d84fef4fe0a70588d98ed94cfc814fa81bf9d2d355f1bbc385bf489805555af73</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c447t-d84fef4fe0a70588d98ed94cfc814fa81bf9d2d355f1bbc385bf489805555af73</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7049-4136 ; 0000-0002-0987-8317 ; 0000-0001-7109-7848</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9059647/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9059647/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35518013$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Jing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Huacong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Luyao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xing, Xiaowei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lv, Tingmei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Xinyi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Qinan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duan, Jinao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ma, Hongyue</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of exposure to deltamethrin on the bufadienolide profiles in Bufo bufo gargarizans venom determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry</title><title>RSC advances</title><addtitle>RSC Adv</addtitle><description>The population of
Cantor in China has been alarmingly declining due to environmental pollution. Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid pesticide frequently used in agriculture and much of its residues are present in crops, soil and water. Deltamethrin has been shown to have toxicity to toads. Herein, we assumed that deltamethrin contamination might influence the biosynthesis of toxic substances present in toad venom. Bufadienolides present in venom are the toad's chemical defense and highly toxic to predators, and they are important for the survival of toad species against predators. In this study, we determined the contents of bufadienolides in toad venom using a HPLC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer to evaluate the change in bufadienolide profiles in toad venom before and after cutaneous exposure to deltamethrin. The results indicated that toads exposed to high concentration of deltamethrin survive the least, do not exuviate, and their movements are stiff. Furthermore, it was observed that high level of deltamethrin contamination induces a marked decrease in the levels of toxic bufadienolides in toad venom. These changes in the toxin profiles could lead to the compromised chemical defense of toad, leading to more susceptible to attack by predators. This is the first study to report that environmental contaminants (pesticides) can influence the toad's toxic profiles, suggesting one factor contributing to the decline in the population of
Cantor.</description><subject>Agrochemicals</subject><subject>Biosynthesis</subject><subject>Chemical attack</subject><subject>Chemical defense</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Contaminants</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>High performance liquid chromatography</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Organic chemistry</subject><subject>Pesticides</subject><subject>Predators</subject><subject>Quadrupoles</subject><subject>Soil contamination</subject><subject>Soil water</subject><subject>Toads</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Water pollution</subject><issn>2046-2069</issn><issn>2046-2069</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNpdkt9qFTEQxhdRbKm98QEk4I0Iq8ludjd7I7SHagsFQfQ6ZJPJ2ZRssid_isc38-3MsbW0DgkzMD8-ZpKvql4T_IHgdvwoWRB4YAOZn1XHDaZ93eB-fP6oPqpOY7zBJfqOND15WR21XUcYJu1x9ftCa5AJeY3g5-pjDoCSRwpsEgukORiHvENpBjRlLZQB561RgNbgtbEQUQHOs_aHtkdbEcoxv4SL6LagS1FKEBbjQKFpj7JNQdQrBO3DIpwEZM0uG4XkHPwikt8Gsc77OgWzWkC7LFTIqy_lImJEcS2zFhBS2L-qXmhhI5ze55Pqx-eL75vL-vrrl6vN2XUtKR1SrRjVoMvFYsAdY2pkoEYqtWSEasHIpEfVqPIimkyTbFk3acpGhrsSQg_tSfXpTnfN0wJKgisrWL4Gs4iw514Y_rTjzMy3_paPuBt7ehB4dy8Q_C5DTHwxUYK1woHPkTd9T8oP9s0BffsfeuNzcGU93pB-aOhAxwP1_o6SwccYQD8MQzA_mIJv2Lezv6a4LPCbx-M_oP8s0P4B23G5Vw</recordid><startdate>20190109</startdate><enddate>20190109</enddate><creator>Zhou, Jing</creator><creator>Zhao, Huacong</creator><creator>Chen, Luyao</creator><creator>Xing, Xiaowei</creator><creator>Lv, Tingmei</creator><creator>Yang, Xinyi</creator><creator>Wu, Qinan</creator><creator>Duan, Jinao</creator><creator>Ma, Hongyue</creator><general>Royal Society of Chemistry</general><general>The Royal Society of Chemistry</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7049-4136</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0987-8317</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7109-7848</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20190109</creationdate><title>Effect of exposure to deltamethrin on the bufadienolide profiles in Bufo bufo gargarizans venom determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry</title><author>Zhou, Jing ; Zhao, Huacong ; Chen, Luyao ; Xing, Xiaowei ; Lv, Tingmei ; Yang, Xinyi ; Wu, Qinan ; Duan, Jinao ; Ma, Hongyue</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c447t-d84fef4fe0a70588d98ed94cfc814fa81bf9d2d355f1bbc385bf489805555af73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Agrochemicals</topic><topic>Biosynthesis</topic><topic>Chemical attack</topic><topic>Chemical defense</topic><topic>Chemistry</topic><topic>Contaminants</topic><topic>Exposure</topic><topic>High performance liquid chromatography</topic><topic>Mass spectrometry</topic><topic>Organic chemistry</topic><topic>Pesticides</topic><topic>Predators</topic><topic>Quadrupoles</topic><topic>Soil contamination</topic><topic>Soil water</topic><topic>Toads</topic><topic>Toxicity</topic><topic>Water pollution</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Jing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Huacong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Luyao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xing, Xiaowei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lv, Tingmei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Xinyi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Qinan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duan, Jinao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ma, Hongyue</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>RSC advances</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zhou, Jing</au><au>Zhao, Huacong</au><au>Chen, Luyao</au><au>Xing, Xiaowei</au><au>Lv, Tingmei</au><au>Yang, Xinyi</au><au>Wu, Qinan</au><au>Duan, Jinao</au><au>Ma, Hongyue</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of exposure to deltamethrin on the bufadienolide profiles in Bufo bufo gargarizans venom determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry</atitle><jtitle>RSC advances</jtitle><addtitle>RSC Adv</addtitle><date>2019-01-09</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>9</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>1208</spage><epage>1213</epage><pages>1208-1213</pages><issn>2046-2069</issn><eissn>2046-2069</eissn><abstract>The population of
Cantor in China has been alarmingly declining due to environmental pollution. Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid pesticide frequently used in agriculture and much of its residues are present in crops, soil and water. Deltamethrin has been shown to have toxicity to toads. Herein, we assumed that deltamethrin contamination might influence the biosynthesis of toxic substances present in toad venom. Bufadienolides present in venom are the toad's chemical defense and highly toxic to predators, and they are important for the survival of toad species against predators. In this study, we determined the contents of bufadienolides in toad venom using a HPLC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer to evaluate the change in bufadienolide profiles in toad venom before and after cutaneous exposure to deltamethrin. The results indicated that toads exposed to high concentration of deltamethrin survive the least, do not exuviate, and their movements are stiff. Furthermore, it was observed that high level of deltamethrin contamination induces a marked decrease in the levels of toxic bufadienolides in toad venom. These changes in the toxin profiles could lead to the compromised chemical defense of toad, leading to more susceptible to attack by predators. This is the first study to report that environmental contaminants (pesticides) can influence the toad's toxic profiles, suggesting one factor contributing to the decline in the population of
Cantor.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Royal Society of Chemistry</pub><pmid>35518013</pmid><doi>10.1039/c8ra07871h</doi><tpages>6</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7049-4136</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0987-8317</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7109-7848</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Agrochemicals Biosynthesis Chemical attack Chemical defense Chemistry Contaminants Exposure High performance liquid chromatography Mass spectrometry Organic chemistry Pesticides Predators Quadrupoles Soil contamination Soil water Toads Toxicity Water pollution |
title | Effect of exposure to deltamethrin on the bufadienolide profiles in Bufo bufo gargarizans venom determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry |
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