Effect of exposure to deltamethrin on the bufadienolide profiles in Bufo bufo gargarizans venom determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

The population of Cantor in China has been alarmingly declining due to environmental pollution. Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid pesticide frequently used in agriculture and much of its residues are present in crops, soil and water. Deltamethrin has been shown to have toxicity to toads. Herein, we assum...

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Veröffentlicht in:RSC advances 2019-01, Vol.9 (3), p.1208-1213
Hauptverfasser: Zhou, Jing, Zhao, Huacong, Chen, Luyao, Xing, Xiaowei, Lv, Tingmei, Yang, Xinyi, Wu, Qinan, Duan, Jinao, Ma, Hongyue
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container_issue 3
container_start_page 1208
container_title RSC advances
container_volume 9
creator Zhou, Jing
Zhao, Huacong
Chen, Luyao
Xing, Xiaowei
Lv, Tingmei
Yang, Xinyi
Wu, Qinan
Duan, Jinao
Ma, Hongyue
description The population of Cantor in China has been alarmingly declining due to environmental pollution. Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid pesticide frequently used in agriculture and much of its residues are present in crops, soil and water. Deltamethrin has been shown to have toxicity to toads. Herein, we assumed that deltamethrin contamination might influence the biosynthesis of toxic substances present in toad venom. Bufadienolides present in venom are the toad's chemical defense and highly toxic to predators, and they are important for the survival of toad species against predators. In this study, we determined the contents of bufadienolides in toad venom using a HPLC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer to evaluate the change in bufadienolide profiles in toad venom before and after cutaneous exposure to deltamethrin. The results indicated that toads exposed to high concentration of deltamethrin survive the least, do not exuviate, and their movements are stiff. Furthermore, it was observed that high level of deltamethrin contamination induces a marked decrease in the levels of toxic bufadienolides in toad venom. These changes in the toxin profiles could lead to the compromised chemical defense of toad, leading to more susceptible to attack by predators. This is the first study to report that environmental contaminants (pesticides) can influence the toad's toxic profiles, suggesting one factor contributing to the decline in the population of Cantor.
doi_str_mv 10.1039/c8ra07871h
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Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid pesticide frequently used in agriculture and much of its residues are present in crops, soil and water. Deltamethrin has been shown to have toxicity to toads. Herein, we assumed that deltamethrin contamination might influence the biosynthesis of toxic substances present in toad venom. Bufadienolides present in venom are the toad's chemical defense and highly toxic to predators, and they are important for the survival of toad species against predators. In this study, we determined the contents of bufadienolides in toad venom using a HPLC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer to evaluate the change in bufadienolide profiles in toad venom before and after cutaneous exposure to deltamethrin. The results indicated that toads exposed to high concentration of deltamethrin survive the least, do not exuviate, and their movements are stiff. Furthermore, it was observed that high level of deltamethrin contamination induces a marked decrease in the levels of toxic bufadienolides in toad venom. These changes in the toxin profiles could lead to the compromised chemical defense of toad, leading to more susceptible to attack by predators. 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Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid pesticide frequently used in agriculture and much of its residues are present in crops, soil and water. Deltamethrin has been shown to have toxicity to toads. Herein, we assumed that deltamethrin contamination might influence the biosynthesis of toxic substances present in toad venom. Bufadienolides present in venom are the toad's chemical defense and highly toxic to predators, and they are important for the survival of toad species against predators. In this study, we determined the contents of bufadienolides in toad venom using a HPLC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer to evaluate the change in bufadienolide profiles in toad venom before and after cutaneous exposure to deltamethrin. The results indicated that toads exposed to high concentration of deltamethrin survive the least, do not exuviate, and their movements are stiff. Furthermore, it was observed that high level of deltamethrin contamination induces a marked decrease in the levels of toxic bufadienolides in toad venom. These changes in the toxin profiles could lead to the compromised chemical defense of toad, leading to more susceptible to attack by predators. 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Furthermore, it was observed that high level of deltamethrin contamination induces a marked decrease in the levels of toxic bufadienolides in toad venom. These changes in the toxin profiles could lead to the compromised chemical defense of toad, leading to more susceptible to attack by predators. This is the first study to report that environmental contaminants (pesticides) can influence the toad's toxic profiles, suggesting one factor contributing to the decline in the population of Cantor.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Royal Society of Chemistry</pub><pmid>35518013</pmid><doi>10.1039/c8ra07871h</doi><tpages>6</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7049-4136</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0987-8317</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7109-7848</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects Agrochemicals
Biosynthesis
Chemical attack
Chemical defense
Chemistry
Contaminants
Exposure
High performance liquid chromatography
Mass spectrometry
Organic chemistry
Pesticides
Predators
Quadrupoles
Soil contamination
Soil water
Toads
Toxicity
Water pollution
title Effect of exposure to deltamethrin on the bufadienolide profiles in Bufo bufo gargarizans venom determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry
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