IL-36 cytokines imprint a colitogenic phenotype on CD4+ T helper cells

IL-36 cytokines are emerging as potent orchestrators of intestinal inflammation and are being implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, the mechanisms through which these cytokines mediate these effects remain to be fully uncovered. Here, we report specifically el...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Mucosal immunology 2022-03, Vol.15 (3), p.491-503
Hauptverfasser: Leon, Gemma, Hernandez Santana, Yasmina E., Irwin, Naoise, Giannoudaki, Eirini, O’Neill, Sadhbh, Csizmadia, Ilona, Gogarty, Martina, Lee, Tae J., Ruane, Darren, Long, Aideen, Fallon, Padraic G., Hussey, Seamus, Walsh, Patrick T.
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Schlagworte:
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page 503
container_issue 3
container_start_page 491
container_title Mucosal immunology
container_volume 15
creator Leon, Gemma
Hernandez Santana, Yasmina E.
Irwin, Naoise
Giannoudaki, Eirini
O’Neill, Sadhbh
Csizmadia, Ilona
Gogarty, Martina
Lee, Tae J.
Ruane, Darren
Long, Aideen
Fallon, Padraic G.
Hussey, Seamus
Walsh, Patrick T.
description IL-36 cytokines are emerging as potent orchestrators of intestinal inflammation and are being implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, the mechanisms through which these cytokines mediate these effects remain to be fully uncovered. Here, we report specifically elevated expression of IL-36α, and not IL-36β or IL-36γ in the serum of newly diagnosed, treatment naïve, paediatric IBD patients and identify T cells as primary cellular mediators of IL-36 responses in the inflamed gut. IL-36R expression on CD4 + T cells was found to promote intestinal pathology in a murine model of colitis. Consistent with these effects, IL-36R can act as a potent instructor of CD4 + T cell differentiation in vivo, enhancing Th1 responses, while inhibiting the generation of Tregs. In addition, loss of IL-36 responsiveness significantly reduced the migration of pathogenic CD4 + T cells towards intestinal tissues and IL-36 was found to act, uniquely among IL-1 family members, to induce the expression of gut homing receptors in proinflammatory murine and human CD4 + T cells. These data reveal an important role for IL-36 cytokines in driving the colitogenic potential of CD4 + T cells and identify a new mechanism through which they may contribute to disease pathogenesis.
doi_str_mv 10.1038/s41385-022-00488-w
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_9038530</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2655325872</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c502t-9b79f16d8840dee35c070c9ea9d43e0b57a1330caac833a0b0320fe8a1d2c2c53</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkU1vEzEQhi1ERUvhD3BAlrggoS1jz3rXviBVgUKlSL2Us-V4J8mWjb3YG6r8e5ymlI9DOdnSPPN6xg9jrwScCUD9PtcCtapAygqg1rq6fcJOhEFVYa2ap3d3LGVhjtnznG8AGgCFz9gxKtG2WugTdnE5r7DhfjfFb32gzPvNmPowccd9HPoprij0no9rCnHajcRj4LOP9Tt-zdc0jJS4p2HIL9jR0g2ZXt6fp-zrxafr2ZdqfvX5cnY-r7wCOVVm0ZqlaDqta-iIUHlowRtypquRYKFaJxDBO-c1ooMFoIQlaSc66aVXeMo-HHLH7WJDnacwJTfYMvLGpZ2Nrrd_V0K_tqv4w5ryYQqhBLy9D0jx-5byZDd93q_gAsVttrJBMEI3oinom3_Qm7hNoaxXKKVQKt3K_1C1UbrWbaHkgfIp5pxo-TCyALuXaQ8ybZFp72Ta29L0-s9lH1p-2SsAHoC8d7ai9PvtR2J_AuE1qRo</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2654958487</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>IL-36 cytokines imprint a colitogenic phenotype on CD4+ T helper cells</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Leon, Gemma ; Hernandez Santana, Yasmina E. ; Irwin, Naoise ; Giannoudaki, Eirini ; O’Neill, Sadhbh ; Csizmadia, Ilona ; Gogarty, Martina ; Lee, Tae J. ; Ruane, Darren ; Long, Aideen ; Fallon, Padraic G. ; Hussey, Seamus ; Walsh, Patrick T.</creator><creatorcontrib>Leon, Gemma ; Hernandez Santana, Yasmina E. ; Irwin, Naoise ; Giannoudaki, Eirini ; O’Neill, Sadhbh ; Csizmadia, Ilona ; Gogarty, Martina ; Lee, Tae J. ; Ruane, Darren ; Long, Aideen ; Fallon, Padraic G. ; Hussey, Seamus ; Walsh, Patrick T.</creatorcontrib><description>IL-36 cytokines are emerging as potent orchestrators of intestinal inflammation and are being implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, the mechanisms through which these cytokines mediate these effects remain to be fully uncovered. Here, we report specifically elevated expression of IL-36α, and not IL-36β or IL-36γ in the serum of newly diagnosed, treatment naïve, paediatric IBD patients and identify T cells as primary cellular mediators of IL-36 responses in the inflamed gut. IL-36R expression on CD4 + T cells was found to promote intestinal pathology in a murine model of colitis. Consistent with these effects, IL-36R can act as a potent instructor of CD4 + T cell differentiation in vivo, enhancing Th1 responses, while inhibiting the generation of Tregs. In addition, loss of IL-36 responsiveness significantly reduced the migration of pathogenic CD4 + T cells towards intestinal tissues and IL-36 was found to act, uniquely among IL-1 family members, to induce the expression of gut homing receptors in proinflammatory murine and human CD4 + T cells. These data reveal an important role for IL-36 cytokines in driving the colitogenic potential of CD4 + T cells and identify a new mechanism through which they may contribute to disease pathogenesis.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1933-0219</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1935-3456</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00488-w</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35177818</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Nature Publishing Group US</publisher><subject>Allergology ; Animal models ; Animals ; Antibodies ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedicine ; CD4 antigen ; Cell differentiation ; Child ; Colitis ; Colitis - metabolism ; Cytokines ; Cytokines - metabolism ; Digestive system ; Gastroenterology ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Helper cells ; Homing behavior ; Homing receptors ; Humans ; Immunology ; Inflammatory bowel diseases ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - metabolism ; Interleukin 1 ; Interleukins - immunology ; Intestine ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphocytes T ; Mice ; Pathogenesis ; Phenotype ; Phenotypes ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer - metabolism</subject><ispartof>Mucosal immunology, 2022-03, Vol.15 (3), p.491-503</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2022</rights><rights>2022. The Author(s).</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2022. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c502t-9b79f16d8840dee35c070c9ea9d43e0b57a1330caac833a0b0320fe8a1d2c2c53</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c502t-9b79f16d8840dee35c070c9ea9d43e0b57a1330caac833a0b0320fe8a1d2c2c53</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35177818$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Leon, Gemma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hernandez Santana, Yasmina E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Irwin, Naoise</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giannoudaki, Eirini</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>O’Neill, Sadhbh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Csizmadia, Ilona</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gogarty, Martina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Tae J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ruane, Darren</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Long, Aideen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fallon, Padraic G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hussey, Seamus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Walsh, Patrick T.</creatorcontrib><title>IL-36 cytokines imprint a colitogenic phenotype on CD4+ T helper cells</title><title>Mucosal immunology</title><addtitle>Mucosal Immunol</addtitle><addtitle>Mucosal Immunol</addtitle><description>IL-36 cytokines are emerging as potent orchestrators of intestinal inflammation and are being implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, the mechanisms through which these cytokines mediate these effects remain to be fully uncovered. Here, we report specifically elevated expression of IL-36α, and not IL-36β or IL-36γ in the serum of newly diagnosed, treatment naïve, paediatric IBD patients and identify T cells as primary cellular mediators of IL-36 responses in the inflamed gut. IL-36R expression on CD4 + T cells was found to promote intestinal pathology in a murine model of colitis. Consistent with these effects, IL-36R can act as a potent instructor of CD4 + T cell differentiation in vivo, enhancing Th1 responses, while inhibiting the generation of Tregs. In addition, loss of IL-36 responsiveness significantly reduced the migration of pathogenic CD4 + T cells towards intestinal tissues and IL-36 was found to act, uniquely among IL-1 family members, to induce the expression of gut homing receptors in proinflammatory murine and human CD4 + T cells. These data reveal an important role for IL-36 cytokines in driving the colitogenic potential of CD4 + T cells and identify a new mechanism through which they may contribute to disease pathogenesis.</description><subject>Allergology</subject><subject>Animal models</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antibodies</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>CD4 antigen</subject><subject>Cell differentiation</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Colitis</subject><subject>Colitis - metabolism</subject><subject>Cytokines</subject><subject>Cytokines - metabolism</subject><subject>Digestive system</subject><subject>Gastroenterology</subject><subject>Gastrointestinal tract</subject><subject>Helper cells</subject><subject>Homing behavior</subject><subject>Homing receptors</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunology</subject><subject>Inflammatory bowel diseases</subject><subject>Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - metabolism</subject><subject>Interleukin 1</subject><subject>Interleukins - immunology</subject><subject>Intestine</subject><subject>Lymphocytes</subject><subject>Lymphocytes T</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Pathogenesis</subject><subject>Phenotype</subject><subject>Phenotypes</subject><subject>T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer - metabolism</subject><issn>1933-0219</issn><issn>1935-3456</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkU1vEzEQhi1ERUvhD3BAlrggoS1jz3rXviBVgUKlSL2Us-V4J8mWjb3YG6r8e5ymlI9DOdnSPPN6xg9jrwScCUD9PtcCtapAygqg1rq6fcJOhEFVYa2ap3d3LGVhjtnznG8AGgCFz9gxKtG2WugTdnE5r7DhfjfFb32gzPvNmPowccd9HPoprij0no9rCnHajcRj4LOP9Tt-zdc0jJS4p2HIL9jR0g2ZXt6fp-zrxafr2ZdqfvX5cnY-r7wCOVVm0ZqlaDqta-iIUHlowRtypquRYKFaJxDBO-c1ooMFoIQlaSc66aVXeMo-HHLH7WJDnacwJTfYMvLGpZ2Nrrd_V0K_tqv4w5ryYQqhBLy9D0jx-5byZDd93q_gAsVttrJBMEI3oinom3_Qm7hNoaxXKKVQKt3K_1C1UbrWbaHkgfIp5pxo-TCyALuXaQ8ybZFp72Ta29L0-s9lH1p-2SsAHoC8d7ai9PvtR2J_AuE1qRo</recordid><startdate>20220301</startdate><enddate>20220301</enddate><creator>Leon, Gemma</creator><creator>Hernandez Santana, Yasmina E.</creator><creator>Irwin, Naoise</creator><creator>Giannoudaki, Eirini</creator><creator>O’Neill, Sadhbh</creator><creator>Csizmadia, Ilona</creator><creator>Gogarty, Martina</creator><creator>Lee, Tae J.</creator><creator>Ruane, Darren</creator><creator>Long, Aideen</creator><creator>Fallon, Padraic G.</creator><creator>Hussey, Seamus</creator><creator>Walsh, Patrick T.</creator><general>Nature Publishing Group US</general><general>Elsevier Limited</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20220301</creationdate><title>IL-36 cytokines imprint a colitogenic phenotype on CD4+ T helper cells</title><author>Leon, Gemma ; Hernandez Santana, Yasmina E. ; Irwin, Naoise ; Giannoudaki, Eirini ; O’Neill, Sadhbh ; Csizmadia, Ilona ; Gogarty, Martina ; Lee, Tae J. ; Ruane, Darren ; Long, Aideen ; Fallon, Padraic G. ; Hussey, Seamus ; Walsh, Patrick T.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c502t-9b79f16d8840dee35c070c9ea9d43e0b57a1330caac833a0b0320fe8a1d2c2c53</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Allergology</topic><topic>Animal models</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antibodies</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>CD4 antigen</topic><topic>Cell differentiation</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Colitis</topic><topic>Colitis - metabolism</topic><topic>Cytokines</topic><topic>Cytokines - metabolism</topic><topic>Digestive system</topic><topic>Gastroenterology</topic><topic>Gastrointestinal tract</topic><topic>Helper cells</topic><topic>Homing behavior</topic><topic>Homing receptors</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immunology</topic><topic>Inflammatory bowel diseases</topic><topic>Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - metabolism</topic><topic>Interleukin 1</topic><topic>Interleukins - immunology</topic><topic>Intestine</topic><topic>Lymphocytes</topic><topic>Lymphocytes T</topic><topic>Mice</topic><topic>Pathogenesis</topic><topic>Phenotype</topic><topic>Phenotypes</topic><topic>T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer - metabolism</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Leon, Gemma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hernandez Santana, Yasmina E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Irwin, Naoise</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giannoudaki, Eirini</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>O’Neill, Sadhbh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Csizmadia, Ilona</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gogarty, Martina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Tae J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ruane, Darren</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Long, Aideen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fallon, Padraic G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hussey, Seamus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Walsh, Patrick T.</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health &amp; Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Mucosal immunology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Leon, Gemma</au><au>Hernandez Santana, Yasmina E.</au><au>Irwin, Naoise</au><au>Giannoudaki, Eirini</au><au>O’Neill, Sadhbh</au><au>Csizmadia, Ilona</au><au>Gogarty, Martina</au><au>Lee, Tae J.</au><au>Ruane, Darren</au><au>Long, Aideen</au><au>Fallon, Padraic G.</au><au>Hussey, Seamus</au><au>Walsh, Patrick T.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>IL-36 cytokines imprint a colitogenic phenotype on CD4+ T helper cells</atitle><jtitle>Mucosal immunology</jtitle><stitle>Mucosal Immunol</stitle><addtitle>Mucosal Immunol</addtitle><date>2022-03-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>491</spage><epage>503</epage><pages>491-503</pages><issn>1933-0219</issn><eissn>1935-3456</eissn><abstract>IL-36 cytokines are emerging as potent orchestrators of intestinal inflammation and are being implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, the mechanisms through which these cytokines mediate these effects remain to be fully uncovered. Here, we report specifically elevated expression of IL-36α, and not IL-36β or IL-36γ in the serum of newly diagnosed, treatment naïve, paediatric IBD patients and identify T cells as primary cellular mediators of IL-36 responses in the inflamed gut. IL-36R expression on CD4 + T cells was found to promote intestinal pathology in a murine model of colitis. Consistent with these effects, IL-36R can act as a potent instructor of CD4 + T cell differentiation in vivo, enhancing Th1 responses, while inhibiting the generation of Tregs. In addition, loss of IL-36 responsiveness significantly reduced the migration of pathogenic CD4 + T cells towards intestinal tissues and IL-36 was found to act, uniquely among IL-1 family members, to induce the expression of gut homing receptors in proinflammatory murine and human CD4 + T cells. These data reveal an important role for IL-36 cytokines in driving the colitogenic potential of CD4 + T cells and identify a new mechanism through which they may contribute to disease pathogenesis.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group US</pub><pmid>35177818</pmid><doi>10.1038/s41385-022-00488-w</doi><tpages>13</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 1933-0219
ispartof Mucosal immunology, 2022-03, Vol.15 (3), p.491-503
issn 1933-0219
1935-3456
language eng
recordid cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_9038530
source MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection
subjects Allergology
Animal models
Animals
Antibodies
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
CD4 antigen
Cell differentiation
Child
Colitis
Colitis - metabolism
Cytokines
Cytokines - metabolism
Digestive system
Gastroenterology
Gastrointestinal tract
Helper cells
Homing behavior
Homing receptors
Humans
Immunology
Inflammatory bowel diseases
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - metabolism
Interleukin 1
Interleukins - immunology
Intestine
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes T
Mice
Pathogenesis
Phenotype
Phenotypes
T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer - metabolism
title IL-36 cytokines imprint a colitogenic phenotype on CD4+ T helper cells
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-02T08%3A42%3A29IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IL-36%20cytokines%20imprint%20a%20colitogenic%20phenotype%20on%20CD4+%20T%20helper%20cells&rft.jtitle=Mucosal%20immunology&rft.au=Leon,%20Gemma&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=491&rft.epage=503&rft.pages=491-503&rft.issn=1933-0219&rft.eissn=1935-3456&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/s41385-022-00488-w&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_pubme%3E2655325872%3C/proquest_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2654958487&rft_id=info:pmid/35177818&rfr_iscdi=true