Retinoids in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Liver Diseases
Vitamin A (VA), all-trans-retinol (ROL), and its analogs are collectively called retinoids. Acting through the retinoic acid receptors RARα, RARβ, and RARγ, all-trans-retinoic acid, an active metabolite of VA, is a potent regulator of numerous biological pathways, including embryonic and somatic cel...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Nutrients 2022-03, Vol.14 (7), p.1456 |
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| description | Vitamin A (VA), all-trans-retinol (ROL), and its analogs are collectively called retinoids. Acting through the retinoic acid receptors RARα, RARβ, and RARγ, all-trans-retinoic acid, an active metabolite of VA, is a potent regulator of numerous biological pathways, including embryonic and somatic cellular differentiation, immune functions, and energy metabolism. The liver is the primary organ for retinoid storage and metabolism in humans. For reasons that remain incompletely understood, a body of evidence shows that reductions in liver retinoids, aberrant retinoid metabolism, and reductions in RAR signaling are implicated in numerous diseases of the liver, including hepatocellular carcinoma, non-alcohol-associated fatty liver diseases, and alcohol-associated liver diseases. Conversely, restoration of retinoid signaling, pharmacological treatments with natural and synthetic retinoids, and newer agonists for specific RARs show promising benefits for treatment of a number of these liver diseases. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the literature demonstrating a role for retinoids in limiting the pathogenesis of these diseases and in the treatment of liver diseases. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/nu14071456 |
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Acting through the retinoic acid receptors RARα, RARβ, and RARγ, all-trans-retinoic acid, an active metabolite of VA, is a potent regulator of numerous biological pathways, including embryonic and somatic cellular differentiation, immune functions, and energy metabolism. The liver is the primary organ for retinoid storage and metabolism in humans. For reasons that remain incompletely understood, a body of evidence shows that reductions in liver retinoids, aberrant retinoid metabolism, and reductions in RAR signaling are implicated in numerous diseases of the liver, including hepatocellular carcinoma, non-alcohol-associated fatty liver diseases, and alcohol-associated liver diseases. Conversely, restoration of retinoid signaling, pharmacological treatments with natural and synthetic retinoids, and newer agonists for specific RARs show promising benefits for treatment of a number of these liver diseases. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the literature demonstrating a role for retinoids in limiting the pathogenesis of these diseases and in the treatment of liver diseases.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/nu14071456</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35406069</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Acids ; Alzheimer's disease ; Bile ducts ; Differentiation (biology) ; Drug therapy ; Embryos ; Energy metabolism ; Enzymes ; Fatty liver ; Gene expression ; Genotype & phenotype ; Hepatectomy ; Hepatocellular carcinoma ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Kinases ; Ligands ; Literature reviews ; Liver ; Liver cancer ; Liver diseases ; Liver Diseases - drug therapy ; Liver Diseases - etiology ; Metabolism ; Metabolites ; Protein synthesis ; Proteins ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid - metabolism ; Retinoic acid ; Retinoic acid receptors ; Retinoids ; Retinoids - metabolism ; Review ; RNA polymerase ; Stem cells ; Tretinoin - therapeutic use ; Vitamin A ; Vitamin A - therapeutic use</subject><ispartof>Nutrients, 2022-03, Vol.14 (7), p.1456</ispartof><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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Acting through the retinoic acid receptors RARα, RARβ, and RARγ, all-trans-retinoic acid, an active metabolite of VA, is a potent regulator of numerous biological pathways, including embryonic and somatic cellular differentiation, immune functions, and energy metabolism. The liver is the primary organ for retinoid storage and metabolism in humans. For reasons that remain incompletely understood, a body of evidence shows that reductions in liver retinoids, aberrant retinoid metabolism, and reductions in RAR signaling are implicated in numerous diseases of the liver, including hepatocellular carcinoma, non-alcohol-associated fatty liver diseases, and alcohol-associated liver diseases. Conversely, restoration of retinoid signaling, pharmacological treatments with natural and synthetic retinoids, and newer agonists for specific RARs show promising benefits for treatment of a number of these liver diseases. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the literature demonstrating a role for retinoids in limiting the pathogenesis of these diseases and in the treatment of liver diseases.</description><subject>Acids</subject><subject>Alzheimer's disease</subject><subject>Bile ducts</subject><subject>Differentiation (biology)</subject><subject>Drug therapy</subject><subject>Embryos</subject><subject>Energy metabolism</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Fatty liver</subject><subject>Gene expression</subject><subject>Genotype & phenotype</subject><subject>Hepatectomy</subject><subject>Hepatocellular carcinoma</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Kinases</subject><subject>Ligands</subject><subject>Literature reviews</subject><subject>Liver</subject><subject>Liver cancer</subject><subject>Liver diseases</subject><subject>Liver Diseases - drug therapy</subject><subject>Liver Diseases - etiology</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Metabolites</subject><subject>Protein synthesis</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Receptors, Retinoic Acid - metabolism</subject><subject>Retinoic acid</subject><subject>Retinoic acid receptors</subject><subject>Retinoids</subject><subject>Retinoids - metabolism</subject><subject>Review</subject><subject>RNA polymerase</subject><subject>Stem cells</subject><subject>Tretinoin - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Vitamin A</subject><subject>Vitamin A - therapeutic use</subject><issn>2072-6643</issn><issn>2072-6643</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkUtLBDEQhIMoKroXf4AMeBFhtSfPyUFBfMOCInoOyUyPG9lNNJkR_PeOuj770g39UVRRhGyVsM-YhoPQlxxUyYVcIusUFB1Lydnyr3uNjHJ-hPdRoCRbJWtMcJAg9To5vMXOh-ibXPhQdFMsbmw3jQ8YMPtc2NAUdwltN8fQFbEtJv4FU3HqM9qMeZOstHaWcbTYG-T-_Ozu5HI8ub64OjmejGuuaDd2Fjk6XgvnagRRVVw5J6EsS3BWKOEqpltaVQyhrjSqsm6pbaRoNKMtas42yNGn7lPv5tjUg5lkZ-Yp-blNryZab_5-gp-ah_hiNADlUg0CuwuBFJ97zJ2Z-1zjbGYDxj4bKrkWmmpRDejOP_Qx9ikM8T4oAEmlHqi9T6pOMeeE7beZEsx7MeanmAHe_m3_G_2qgb0B7tmICg</recordid><startdate>20220331</startdate><enddate>20220331</enddate><creator>Melis, Marta</creator><creator>Tang, Xiao-Han</creator><creator>Trasino, Steven E</creator><creator>Gudas, Lorraine J</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3115-4777</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9610-6608</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1297-3582</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220331</creationdate><title>Retinoids in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Liver Diseases</title><author>Melis, Marta ; 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| subjects | Acids Alzheimer's disease Bile ducts Differentiation (biology) Drug therapy Embryos Energy metabolism Enzymes Fatty liver Gene expression Genotype & phenotype Hepatectomy Hepatocellular carcinoma Humans Inflammation Kinases Ligands Literature reviews Liver Liver cancer Liver diseases Liver Diseases - drug therapy Liver Diseases - etiology Metabolism Metabolites Protein synthesis Proteins Receptors, Retinoic Acid - metabolism Retinoic acid Retinoic acid receptors Retinoids Retinoids - metabolism Review RNA polymerase Stem cells Tretinoin - therapeutic use Vitamin A Vitamin A - therapeutic use |
| title | Retinoids in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Liver Diseases |
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