Evaluation of Permulgin 3274 as a Material for the Conservation of Beeswax Seals
When treating historical beeswax seals, it seems a natural choice to use materials as similar to the original as possible. The properties of analogous recent materials, however, differ from those of the aged ones, not to mention the fact that the exact composition of the particular sealing wax is us...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Materials 2022-03, Vol.15 (5), p.1909 |
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| creator | Bílková, Lenka Bartl, Benjamin Urbánek, Štěpán Zapletal, Martin Holakovská, Libuše Ďurovič, Michal Hrdlička, Zdeněk Havlín, Jakub |
| description | When treating historical beeswax seals, it seems a natural choice to use materials as similar to the original as possible. The properties of analogous recent materials, however, differ from those of the aged ones, not to mention the fact that the exact composition of the particular sealing wax is usually uncertain. In order to obtain the material of desired properties, recent beeswax is often combined with various additives, including petroleum waxes, or even replaced by mixtures based solely on these products. Within this study, the relevant properties of Permulgin 3274, a ceresin-type wax, were compared with the characteristics of recent and historical beeswaxes. The aim was to evaluate its advantages and limitations, in terms of its possible use for the conservation of beeswax seals. The properties studied were comprised of the chemical composition, thermal properties, mechanical properties, possibilities of colour adjustment and ageing properties. Permulgin 3274's workability was evaluated by conservators from the National Archives in Prague. The results indicate that, from the technological point of view, Permulgin 3274 could be considered a welcome alternative to the use of traditional conservation mixtures. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ma15051909 |
| format | Article |
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The properties of analogous recent materials, however, differ from those of the aged ones, not to mention the fact that the exact composition of the particular sealing wax is usually uncertain. In order to obtain the material of desired properties, recent beeswax is often combined with various additives, including petroleum waxes, or even replaced by mixtures based solely on these products. Within this study, the relevant properties of Permulgin 3274, a ceresin-type wax, were compared with the characteristics of recent and historical beeswaxes. The aim was to evaluate its advantages and limitations, in terms of its possible use for the conservation of beeswax seals. The properties studied were comprised of the chemical composition, thermal properties, mechanical properties, possibilities of colour adjustment and ageing properties. Permulgin 3274's workability was evaluated by conservators from the National Archives in Prague. The results indicate that, from the technological point of view, Permulgin 3274 could be considered a welcome alternative to the use of traditional conservation mixtures.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1996-1944</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1996-1944</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ma15051909</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35269140</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Additives ; Aging (natural) ; Beeswax ; Ceresin ; Chemical composition ; Conservation ; Hydrocarbons ; Hydrogenation ; Life sciences ; Materials selection ; Mechanical properties ; Radiation ; Thermodynamic properties ; Waxes ; Workability</subject><ispartof>Materials, 2022-03, Vol.15 (5), p.1909</ispartof><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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The results indicate that, from the technological point of view, Permulgin 3274 could be considered a welcome alternative to the use of traditional conservation mixtures.</description><subject>Additives</subject><subject>Aging (natural)</subject><subject>Beeswax</subject><subject>Ceresin</subject><subject>Chemical composition</subject><subject>Conservation</subject><subject>Hydrocarbons</subject><subject>Hydrogenation</subject><subject>Life sciences</subject><subject>Materials selection</subject><subject>Mechanical properties</subject><subject>Radiation</subject><subject>Thermodynamic properties</subject><subject>Waxes</subject><subject>Workability</subject><issn>1996-1944</issn><issn>1996-1944</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkVtLxDAQhYMoKrov_gAJ-CJCNZe2aV4EXdYLKC7oe5im091K22jSrvrv7eK6XuZlBuabwxkOIQecnUqp2VkDPGEJ10xvkF2udRpxHcebv-YdMgrhmQ0lJc-E3iY7MhGp5jHbJdPJAuoeusq11JV0ir7p61nVUilUTCFQoPfQoa-gpqXztJsjHbs2oF-sjy4Rwxu800eEOuyTrXJoOFr1PfJ0NXka30R3D9e344u7yMYs7aIyAZvJBCVXVqFEtFiCUokoC9QsZyrjyCRamwsoBA5LyPOkYCLlvMiU3CPnX7Ivfd5gYbHtPNTmxVcN-A_joDJ_N201NzO3MJnmgolsEDheCXj32mPoTFMFi3UNLbo-GJHKTHEhUjagR__QZ9f7dvhuSSmlpUr1QJ18Uda7EDyWazOcmWVU5ieqAT78bX-NfgcjPwHGc46x</recordid><startdate>20220304</startdate><enddate>20220304</enddate><creator>Bílková, Lenka</creator><creator>Bartl, Benjamin</creator><creator>Urbánek, Štěpán</creator><creator>Zapletal, Martin</creator><creator>Holakovská, Libuše</creator><creator>Ďurovič, Michal</creator><creator>Hrdlička, Zdeněk</creator><creator>Havlín, Jakub</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3919-7739</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4352-9954</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220304</creationdate><title>Evaluation of Permulgin 3274 as a Material for the Conservation of Beeswax Seals</title><author>Bílková, Lenka ; 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| source | PubMed Central Open Access; MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Additives Aging (natural) Beeswax Ceresin Chemical composition Conservation Hydrocarbons Hydrogenation Life sciences Materials selection Mechanical properties Radiation Thermodynamic properties Waxes Workability |
| title | Evaluation of Permulgin 3274 as a Material for the Conservation of Beeswax Seals |
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