Victimized in Many Ways: Online and Offline Bullying/Harassment and Perceived Racial Discrimination in Diverse Racial-Ethnic Minority Adolescents
Objectives: Racial-ethnic minority youth face multiple types of victimization associated with negative developmental outcomes. The present study examined the interplay of youth experiences of online and offline bullying/harassment and racial-ethnic discrimination across three waves. Methods: Racial-...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology 2021-07, Vol.27 (3), p.397-407 |
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| creator | Weinstein, Mariani Jensen, Michaeline R. Tynes, Brendesha M. |
| description | Objectives: Racial-ethnic minority youth face multiple types of victimization associated with negative developmental outcomes. The present study examined the interplay of youth experiences of online and offline bullying/harassment and racial-ethnic discrimination across three waves. Methods: Racial-ethnic minority adolescents aged 10-19 (N = 735) at Midwest schools were surveyed yearly on Internet usage and experiences, mental well-being, and related risk and protective factors. We analyzed offline and online bullying/harassment, offline and online racial-ethnic discrimination, and time online in an autoregressive cross-lagged panel model. Results: Youth who reported more of one type of victimization also reported more of other victimization types and more time online concurrently. Our results show some (but not consistent) influences over time. Youth who experienced more offline bullying/harassment at wave 1 were more likely to report more wave 2 victimization in another context (online bullying/harassment) and in other content (offline racial-ethnic discrimination), although these associations did not appear in the second wave. Youth who reported more online bullying/harassment at wave 2 also experienced increased risk for offline bullying/harassment at wave 3. Youth who reported more time online were not more likely to experience later victimization, though youth who experienced more wave 1 offline bullying/harassment were more likely to report more next-wave time online. Conclusions: Racial-ethnic minority youth simultaneously and persistently face multiple types of victimization. Offline bullying/harassment interventions may have the added benefit of reducing other forms of victimization down the road, while reducing time online alone is unlikely to protect youth.
Public Significance Statement
We examined multiple types of victimization and time spent online at three yearly surveys in racial/ethnic minority adolescents. We found that youth simultaneously experienced bullying/harassment and racial-ethnic discrimination both offline and online, they continued to be victimized in the same way over multiple years, those who reported experiencing more offline bullying/harassment at the first survey reported more offline discrimination and more online bullying/harassment the next wave, and time online was related concurrently, but not over time, to victimization. Our results suggest that interventions for offline bullying/harassment might prevent other type |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1037/cdp0000436 |
| format | Article |
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Public Significance Statement
We examined multiple types of victimization and time spent online at three yearly surveys in racial/ethnic minority adolescents. We found that youth simultaneously experienced bullying/harassment and racial-ethnic discrimination both offline and online, they continued to be victimized in the same way over multiple years, those who reported experiencing more offline bullying/harassment at the first survey reported more offline discrimination and more online bullying/harassment the next wave, and time online was related concurrently, but not over time, to victimization. Our results suggest that interventions for offline bullying/harassment might prevent other types of victimization later but simply reducing time online does not appear to be an effective strategy for protecting adolescents from victimization in a digital age.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1099-9809</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1939-0106</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000436</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34043397</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Educational Publishing Foundation</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Bullying ; Crime Victims ; Cyberbullying ; Discrimination ; Ethnicity ; Female ; Harassment ; Human ; Humans ; Internet Usage ; Male ; Minority Groups ; Race and Ethnic Discrimination ; Racism ; Sexual Harassment ; Victimization</subject><ispartof>Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, 2021-07, Vol.27 (3), p.397-407</ispartof><rights>2021 American Psychological Association</rights><rights>2021, American Psychological Association</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a442t-255fb3dce4c3f565493c8674f48998de01446e7da661e516cc7311faf02b54513</citedby><orcidid>0000-0002-2105-7853 ; 0000-0001-8816-5149</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34043397$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Kim, Su Yeong</contributor><creatorcontrib>Weinstein, Mariani</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jensen, Michaeline R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tynes, Brendesha M.</creatorcontrib><title>Victimized in Many Ways: Online and Offline Bullying/Harassment and Perceived Racial Discrimination in Diverse Racial-Ethnic Minority Adolescents</title><title>Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology</title><addtitle>Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol</addtitle><description>Objectives: Racial-ethnic minority youth face multiple types of victimization associated with negative developmental outcomes. The present study examined the interplay of youth experiences of online and offline bullying/harassment and racial-ethnic discrimination across three waves. Methods: Racial-ethnic minority adolescents aged 10-19 (N = 735) at Midwest schools were surveyed yearly on Internet usage and experiences, mental well-being, and related risk and protective factors. We analyzed offline and online bullying/harassment, offline and online racial-ethnic discrimination, and time online in an autoregressive cross-lagged panel model. Results: Youth who reported more of one type of victimization also reported more of other victimization types and more time online concurrently. Our results show some (but not consistent) influences over time. Youth who experienced more offline bullying/harassment at wave 1 were more likely to report more wave 2 victimization in another context (online bullying/harassment) and in other content (offline racial-ethnic discrimination), although these associations did not appear in the second wave. Youth who reported more online bullying/harassment at wave 2 also experienced increased risk for offline bullying/harassment at wave 3. Youth who reported more time online were not more likely to experience later victimization, though youth who experienced more wave 1 offline bullying/harassment were more likely to report more next-wave time online. Conclusions: Racial-ethnic minority youth simultaneously and persistently face multiple types of victimization. Offline bullying/harassment interventions may have the added benefit of reducing other forms of victimization down the road, while reducing time online alone is unlikely to protect youth.
Public Significance Statement
We examined multiple types of victimization and time spent online at three yearly surveys in racial/ethnic minority adolescents. We found that youth simultaneously experienced bullying/harassment and racial-ethnic discrimination both offline and online, they continued to be victimized in the same way over multiple years, those who reported experiencing more offline bullying/harassment at the first survey reported more offline discrimination and more online bullying/harassment the next wave, and time online was related concurrently, but not over time, to victimization. Our results suggest that interventions for offline bullying/harassment might prevent other types of victimization later but simply reducing time online does not appear to be an effective strategy for protecting adolescents from victimization in a digital age.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Bullying</subject><subject>Crime Victims</subject><subject>Cyberbullying</subject><subject>Discrimination</subject><subject>Ethnicity</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Harassment</subject><subject>Human</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Internet Usage</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Minority Groups</subject><subject>Race and Ethnic Discrimination</subject><subject>Racism</subject><subject>Sexual Harassment</subject><subject>Victimization</subject><issn>1099-9809</issn><issn>1939-0106</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkctu1TAQhi1ERS-w4QGQJTaoKNSOHSfuAqlXitTqIMRlac1xnNZVjpPaSaXwFrwxk55DuXhjS_P584x_Ql5y9o4zUR7Yume4pFBPyA7XQmeMM_UUz0zrTFdMb5PdlG4Z41Jo9YxsC4m00OUO-fnN28Gv_A9XUx_oFYSJfocpHdJFaH1wFEJNF03zcD4e23by4frgAiKktHJheKh_ctE6f4-Kz2A9tPTUJxvRGmDwXZjFp1iOyW2A7Gy4Cd7SKx-66IeJHtVd65JFYXpOthpok3ux2ffI1_OzLycX2eXiw8eTo8sMpMyHLC-KZilq66QVTaEKqYWtVCkbWWld1Q5nlcqVNSjFXcGVtaXgvIGG5ctCFlzskfdrbz8uV66e347Qmh77hjiZDrz5txL8jbnu7k1V4v1KouDNRhC7u9GlwaxwbNe2EFw3JpMXQiouMApEX_-H3nZjDDjeTOWlYIWaqf01ZWOXUnTNYzOcmTlp8ydphF_93f4j-jtaBN6uAejB9GmyEAdv518eY8SRZpnJSyPMTP8C3161YA</recordid><startdate>20210701</startdate><enddate>20210701</enddate><creator>Weinstein, Mariani</creator><creator>Jensen, Michaeline R.</creator><creator>Tynes, Brendesha M.</creator><general>Educational Publishing Foundation</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7RZ</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2105-7853</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8816-5149</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210701</creationdate><title>Victimized in Many Ways: Online and Offline Bullying/Harassment and Perceived Racial Discrimination in Diverse Racial-Ethnic Minority Adolescents</title><author>Weinstein, Mariani ; Jensen, Michaeline R. ; Tynes, Brendesha M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a442t-255fb3dce4c3f565493c8674f48998de01446e7da661e516cc7311faf02b54513</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Bullying</topic><topic>Crime Victims</topic><topic>Cyberbullying</topic><topic>Discrimination</topic><topic>Ethnicity</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Harassment</topic><topic>Human</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Internet Usage</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Minority Groups</topic><topic>Race and Ethnic Discrimination</topic><topic>Racism</topic><topic>Sexual Harassment</topic><topic>Victimization</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Weinstein, Mariani</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jensen, Michaeline R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tynes, Brendesha M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Access via APA PsycArticles® (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Weinstein, Mariani</au><au>Jensen, Michaeline R.</au><au>Tynes, Brendesha M.</au><au>Kim, Su Yeong</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Victimized in Many Ways: Online and Offline Bullying/Harassment and Perceived Racial Discrimination in Diverse Racial-Ethnic Minority Adolescents</atitle><jtitle>Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology</jtitle><addtitle>Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol</addtitle><date>2021-07-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>27</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>397</spage><epage>407</epage><pages>397-407</pages><issn>1099-9809</issn><eissn>1939-0106</eissn><abstract>Objectives: Racial-ethnic minority youth face multiple types of victimization associated with negative developmental outcomes. The present study examined the interplay of youth experiences of online and offline bullying/harassment and racial-ethnic discrimination across three waves. Methods: Racial-ethnic minority adolescents aged 10-19 (N = 735) at Midwest schools were surveyed yearly on Internet usage and experiences, mental well-being, and related risk and protective factors. We analyzed offline and online bullying/harassment, offline and online racial-ethnic discrimination, and time online in an autoregressive cross-lagged panel model. Results: Youth who reported more of one type of victimization also reported more of other victimization types and more time online concurrently. Our results show some (but not consistent) influences over time. Youth who experienced more offline bullying/harassment at wave 1 were more likely to report more wave 2 victimization in another context (online bullying/harassment) and in other content (offline racial-ethnic discrimination), although these associations did not appear in the second wave. Youth who reported more online bullying/harassment at wave 2 also experienced increased risk for offline bullying/harassment at wave 3. Youth who reported more time online were not more likely to experience later victimization, though youth who experienced more wave 1 offline bullying/harassment were more likely to report more next-wave time online. Conclusions: Racial-ethnic minority youth simultaneously and persistently face multiple types of victimization. Offline bullying/harassment interventions may have the added benefit of reducing other forms of victimization down the road, while reducing time online alone is unlikely to protect youth.
Public Significance Statement
We examined multiple types of victimization and time spent online at three yearly surveys in racial/ethnic minority adolescents. We found that youth simultaneously experienced bullying/harassment and racial-ethnic discrimination both offline and online, they continued to be victimized in the same way over multiple years, those who reported experiencing more offline bullying/harassment at the first survey reported more offline discrimination and more online bullying/harassment the next wave, and time online was related concurrently, but not over time, to victimization. Our results suggest that interventions for offline bullying/harassment might prevent other types of victimization later but simply reducing time online does not appear to be an effective strategy for protecting adolescents from victimization in a digital age.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Educational Publishing Foundation</pub><pmid>34043397</pmid><doi>10.1037/cdp0000436</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2105-7853</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8816-5149</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, 2021-07, Vol.27 (3), p.397-407 |
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| source | MEDLINE; EBSCOhost APA PsycARTICLES |
| subjects | Adolescent Bullying Crime Victims Cyberbullying Discrimination Ethnicity Female Harassment Human Humans Internet Usage Male Minority Groups Race and Ethnic Discrimination Racism Sexual Harassment Victimization |
| title | Victimized in Many Ways: Online and Offline Bullying/Harassment and Perceived Racial Discrimination in Diverse Racial-Ethnic Minority Adolescents |
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