Adding the missing voice: How autistic youth self-report on an executive functioning rating scale compares to parent report and that of youth with ADHD or neurotypical development

Executive functions are often impaired in autistic people and relate to important outcomes such as mental health, success in school and work, and quality of life. Evaluating executive functions helps autistic people, clinicians and families identify targets for external supports and skill building. Youth self-report of executive function has not been studied, yet we know that self-report from autistic youth is key to understanding other cognitive/behavioral phenomena in autism such as anxiety, obsessions/compulsions, sensory sensitivities and repetitive behaviors. We investigated self- and parent-report of executive function problems in 197 autistic youth without intellectual disability (ages 11–18 years), including the magnitude and profiles of executive function problems autistic youth report across subdomains of EF. We compared autistic self-report with that of 114 youth with ADHD without intellectual disability and 197 neurotypical youth. We found that autistic youth report significant executive function problems compared to neurotypical youth and a distinctive profile of challenges in comparison to ADHD youth. Parents and their autistic children diverged regarding the magnitude of the youth’s EF difficulties, but both identify inflexibility as the most impaired EF subdomain. Autistic youth and their parents were somewhat more concordant in their report of executive function problems than youth with ADHD and their parents, but only showed moderate concordance at best. These findings elevate the importance of asking autistic youth directly about their executive functioning when engaging them in assessment and intervention, or researching executive functions in autism. Executive functions (EF) are related to key outcomes. Studies of autistic youth self-report of other nonsocial traits indicate that their insights into their own functioning and internal experiences provide important information that is not captured by their parents’ report, but youth self-report of EF has not been researched in autism. We investigate self- and parent-report on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-2 (BRIEF-2) in 197 autistic youth without intellectual disability, including the magnitude and profile of problems reported across subdomains of EF. We also compare autistic self-report to that of 114 youth with ADHD and 197 neurotypical (NT) youth. We find that autistic youth report significant EF challenges in comparison to NT youth and a distinctive profile of c