Development and Validation of the RAFFLE: A Measure of Reasons and Facilitators for Loot Box Engagement
Qualitative studies have identified a diverse array of motivations for purchasing items within video games through chance-based mechanisms (i.e., "loot boxes"). Given that some individuals-particularly those at risk of disordered gaming and/or gambling-are prone to over-involvement with lo...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of clinical medicine 2021-12, Vol.10 (24), p.5949 |
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| creator | Lloyd, Joanne Nicklin, Laura Louise Spicer, Stuart Gordon Fullwood, Chris Uther, Maria Hinton, Daniel P Parke, Jonathan Lloyd, Helen Close, James |
| description | Qualitative studies have identified a diverse array of motivations for purchasing items within video games through chance-based mechanisms (i.e., "loot boxes"). Given that some individuals-particularly those at risk of disordered gaming and/or gambling-are prone to over-involvement with loot box purchasing, it is important to have a reliable, valid means of measuring the role of different motivations in driving purchasing behaviour. Building on prior qualitative research, this paper reports the development and validation of the "RAFFLE" scale, to measure the Reasons and Facilitators for Loot box Engagement. A 23-item, seven-factor scale was developed through cognitive interviews (
= 25) followed by two surveys of UK-based gamers who purchase loot boxes; analysed via exploratory (
= 503) and confirmatory (
= 1495) factor analysis, respectively. Subscales encompassed "enhancement'; "progression'; "social pressure'; "distraction/compulsion'; "altruism'; "fear of missing out'; and "resale". The scale showed good criterion and construct validity (correlating well with measures of loot box engagement; the risky loot box index (
= 0.63) and monthly self-reported spend (
= 0.38)), and good internal validity (Cronbach's alpha = 0.84). Parallels with, and divergence from, motivations for related activities of gaming and gambling, and alignment with broader theoretical models of motivation, are discussed. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/jcm10245949 |
| format | Article |
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= 25) followed by two surveys of UK-based gamers who purchase loot boxes; analysed via exploratory (
= 503) and confirmatory (
= 1495) factor analysis, respectively. Subscales encompassed "enhancement'; "progression'; "social pressure'; "distraction/compulsion'; "altruism'; "fear of missing out'; and "resale". The scale showed good criterion and construct validity (correlating well with measures of loot box engagement; the risky loot box index (
= 0.63) and monthly self-reported spend (
= 0.38)), and good internal validity (Cronbach's alpha = 0.84). Parallels with, and divergence from, motivations for related activities of gaming and gambling, and alignment with broader theoretical models of motivation, are discussed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2077-0383</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2077-0383</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245949</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34945245</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Addictive behaviors ; Clinical medicine ; Computer & video games ; Ethnicity ; Gambling ; Interviews ; Purchasing ; Validation studies</subject><ispartof>Journal of clinical medicine, 2021-12, Vol.10 (24), p.5949</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 by the authors. 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c409t-83accd7f782c6462fb2aea8c2087700a10858d266aa979420641ec700e4e55cf3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c409t-83accd7f782c6462fb2aea8c2087700a10858d266aa979420641ec700e4e55cf3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-6195-9501 ; 0000-0002-2916-1874 ; 0000-0003-3891-7247 ; 0000-0002-7948-302X ; 0000-0001-7585-8886</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8707097/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8707097/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34945245$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Lloyd, Joanne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nicklin, Laura Louise</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Spicer, Stuart Gordon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fullwood, Chris</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Uther, Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hinton, Daniel P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Parke, Jonathan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lloyd, Helen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Close, James</creatorcontrib><title>Development and Validation of the RAFFLE: A Measure of Reasons and Facilitators for Loot Box Engagement</title><title>Journal of clinical medicine</title><addtitle>J Clin Med</addtitle><description>Qualitative studies have identified a diverse array of motivations for purchasing items within video games through chance-based mechanisms (i.e., "loot boxes"). Given that some individuals-particularly those at risk of disordered gaming and/or gambling-are prone to over-involvement with loot box purchasing, it is important to have a reliable, valid means of measuring the role of different motivations in driving purchasing behaviour. Building on prior qualitative research, this paper reports the development and validation of the "RAFFLE" scale, to measure the Reasons and Facilitators for Loot box Engagement. A 23-item, seven-factor scale was developed through cognitive interviews (
= 25) followed by two surveys of UK-based gamers who purchase loot boxes; analysed via exploratory (
= 503) and confirmatory (
= 1495) factor analysis, respectively. Subscales encompassed "enhancement'; "progression'; "social pressure'; "distraction/compulsion'; "altruism'; "fear of missing out'; and "resale". The scale showed good criterion and construct validity (correlating well with measures of loot box engagement; the risky loot box index (
= 0.63) and monthly self-reported spend (
= 0.38)), and good internal validity (Cronbach's alpha = 0.84). Parallels with, and divergence from, motivations for related activities of gaming and gambling, and alignment with broader theoretical models of motivation, are discussed.</description><subject>Addictive behaviors</subject><subject>Clinical medicine</subject><subject>Computer & video games</subject><subject>Ethnicity</subject><subject>Gambling</subject><subject>Interviews</subject><subject>Purchasing</subject><subject>Validation studies</subject><issn>2077-0383</issn><issn>2077-0383</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkUFrGzEQhUVIqEOSU-9BkEuguNFK2pWUQ8FN7SbgEAhJr2KsnXXW7K5caTe0_75y4xo3c5mB983TiEfIx4x9FsKwq5VrM8ZlbqQ5IMecKTVmQovDvXlEzmJcsVRaS56pD2QkpJF52jomy2_4io1ft9j1FLqS_oCmLqGvfUd9RfsXpI-T2Ww-vaYTeo8Qh4Ab4TGNvot_V2bg6qbuofch0soHOve-p1_9LzrtlrDEjfcpOaqgiXi27SfkeTZ9urkdzx--391M5mMnmenHWoBzpaqU5q6QBa8WHBC040wrxRhkTOe65EUBYJSRnBUyQ5cUlJjnrhIn5Mub73pYtFi69HSAxq5D3UL4bT3U9n-lq1_s0r9arZhiRiWDy61B8D8HjL1t6-iwaaBDP0TLi0xyXighE3rxDl35IXTpexuKK60NzxL16Y1ywccYsNodkzG7ydDuZZjo8_37d-y_xMQfXx-WEA</recordid><startdate>20211218</startdate><enddate>20211218</enddate><creator>Lloyd, Joanne</creator><creator>Nicklin, Laura Louise</creator><creator>Spicer, Stuart Gordon</creator><creator>Fullwood, Chris</creator><creator>Uther, Maria</creator><creator>Hinton, Daniel P</creator><creator>Parke, Jonathan</creator><creator>Lloyd, Helen</creator><creator>Close, James</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>COVID</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6195-9501</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2916-1874</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-7247</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7948-302X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7585-8886</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211218</creationdate><title>Development and Validation of the RAFFLE: A Measure of Reasons and Facilitators for Loot Box Engagement</title><author>Lloyd, Joanne ; 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= 25) followed by two surveys of UK-based gamers who purchase loot boxes; analysed via exploratory (
= 503) and confirmatory (
= 1495) factor analysis, respectively. Subscales encompassed "enhancement'; "progression'; "social pressure'; "distraction/compulsion'; "altruism'; "fear of missing out'; and "resale". The scale showed good criterion and construct validity (correlating well with measures of loot box engagement; the risky loot box index (
= 0.63) and monthly self-reported spend (
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| ispartof | Journal of clinical medicine, 2021-12, Vol.10 (24), p.5949 |
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| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; PubMed Central Open Access |
| subjects | Addictive behaviors Clinical medicine Computer & video games Ethnicity Gambling Interviews Purchasing Validation studies |
| title | Development and Validation of the RAFFLE: A Measure of Reasons and Facilitators for Loot Box Engagement |
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