Juvenile African Clawed Frogs ( Xenopus laevis ) Express Growth, Metamorphosis, Mortality, Gene Expression, and Metabolic Changes When Exposed to Thiamethoxam and Clothianidin

Neonicotinoids (NEO) represent the main class of insecticides currently in use, with thiamethoxam (THX) and clothianidin (CLO) primarily applied agriculturally. With few comprehensive studies having been performed with non-target amphibians, the aim was to investigate potential biomarker responses a...

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Veröffentlicht in:	International journal of molecular sciences 2021-12, Vol.22 (24), p.13291
Hauptverfasser:	Jenkins, Jill A, Hartop, Katherine R, Bukhari, Ghadeer, Howton, Debra E, Smalling, Kelly L, Mize, Scott V, Hladik, Michelle L, Johnson, Darren, Draugelis-Dale, Rassa O, Brown, Bonnie L
Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	eng
Schlagworte:	Animals Biomarkers Brain - drug effects Brain - metabolism Cytochrome Cytology Cytotoxicity Decontamination Enzymatic activity Enzyme activity Enzymes Exposure Flow cytometry Frogs Gene Expression Guanidines - pharmacology Guanidines - toxicity Hepatocytes Hierarchies Insecticides Juveniles Laboratories Liver Liver - drug effects Liver - enzymology Liver - metabolism Metabolism Metabolites Metamorphosis Metamorphosis, Biological Morphology Mortality Neonicotinoids - pharmacology Neonicotinoids - toxicity Neurotoxicity Oxidoreductases - analysis Pesticides Reductases Reptiles & amphibians Sperm Structure-function relationships Thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam - pharmacology Thiamethoxam - toxicity Thiazoles - pharmacology Thiazoles - toxicity Transcription Xenopus laevis Xenopus laevis - genetics Xenopus laevis - metabolism
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