Dietary Protein and Carbohydrate Levels Affect the Gut Microbiota and Clinical Assessment in Healthy Adult Cats
Relative levels of dietary protein and carbohydrate intake influence microbiota and their functional capabilities, but the effect has not been well documented in cats. The impact of 3 foods with different protein:carbohydrate ratios on the gut microbiota and functional attributes in healthy adult ca...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The Journal of nutrition 2021-12, Vol.151 (12), p.3637-3650 |
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| creator | Badri, Dayakar V Jackson, Matthew I Jewell, Dennis E |
| description | Relative levels of dietary protein and carbohydrate intake influence microbiota and their functional capabilities, but the effect has not been well documented in cats.
The impact of 3 foods with different protein:carbohydrate ratios on the gut microbiota and functional attributes in healthy adult cats was evaluated.
Male and female cats (n = 30; mean age: 5.1 y; mean body weight: 5.26 kg) were fed 1 of 3 foods [P28 (28.3% protein, dry matter basis), P35 (35.1%), and P55 (54.8%)] for 90 d in a Williams Latin Square design. Each food had a 1:1 ratio of animal (dried chicken) to plant (pea) protein; protein replaced carbohydrate as protein level increased. Fecal microbiota and their functional capability were assessed with 16S sequencing and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, respectively.
Fecal pH, ammonia, and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) were higher when cats consumed P55 food than when they consumed P28 and P35. Clear separation of samples between P28 and P55 based on bacterial genera was observed, with partitioning into saccharolytic and proteolytic functions, respectively. Significantly higher α diversity was seen with P55 than with P28 and P35. Amino acid metabolism, mucin foraging pathways, and urea metabolism were higher with P55 than with P28, whereas feces from cats fed P28 had higher concentrations of carbohydrate-active enzymes and enzymes involved in SCFA pathways than with P55. Bacterial genera that showed positive associations with amino acid catabolism also showed positive associations with mucin degradation.
Despite higher protein digestibility and less protein arriving to the colon, when healthy adult cats consumed the highest level of protein (P55), their gut microbiota exhibited higher mucin glycan foraging and amino acid metabolism, leading to higher fecal pH, ammonia, and BCFAs. This is likely due to lower availability of carbohydrate substrates and dietary fiber as protein replaced carbohydrate in the food. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1093/jn/nxab308 |
| format | Article |
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The impact of 3 foods with different protein:carbohydrate ratios on the gut microbiota and functional attributes in healthy adult cats was evaluated.
Male and female cats (n = 30; mean age: 5.1 y; mean body weight: 5.26 kg) were fed 1 of 3 foods [P28 (28.3% protein, dry matter basis), P35 (35.1%), and P55 (54.8%)] for 90 d in a Williams Latin Square design. Each food had a 1:1 ratio of animal (dried chicken) to plant (pea) protein; protein replaced carbohydrate as protein level increased. Fecal microbiota and their functional capability were assessed with 16S sequencing and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, respectively.
Fecal pH, ammonia, and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) were higher when cats consumed P55 food than when they consumed P28 and P35. Clear separation of samples between P28 and P55 based on bacterial genera was observed, with partitioning into saccharolytic and proteolytic functions, respectively. Significantly higher α diversity was seen with P55 than with P28 and P35. Amino acid metabolism, mucin foraging pathways, and urea metabolism were higher with P55 than with P28, whereas feces from cats fed P28 had higher concentrations of carbohydrate-active enzymes and enzymes involved in SCFA pathways than with P55. Bacterial genera that showed positive associations with amino acid catabolism also showed positive associations with mucin degradation.
Despite higher protein digestibility and less protein arriving to the colon, when healthy adult cats consumed the highest level of protein (P55), their gut microbiota exhibited higher mucin glycan foraging and amino acid metabolism, leading to higher fecal pH, ammonia, and BCFAs. This is likely due to lower availability of carbohydrate substrates and dietary fiber as protein replaced carbohydrate in the food.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-3166</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1541-6100</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab308</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34587256</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Amino acids ; Ammonia ; Animals ; Biodegradation ; Body weight ; Carbohydrates ; Catabolism ; Cats ; Chain branching ; Colon ; Diet ; Diet - veterinary ; Dietary Fiber ; Dietary intake ; Dietary Proteins ; Digestibility ; Digestion ; Dry matter ; Encyclopedias ; Enzymes ; Fatty acids ; Fecal microflora ; fecal pH ; Feces ; feline ; Female ; Food ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Genomes ; Glycan ; Intestinal microflora ; Male ; Metabolism ; Microbiota ; Mucin ; mucin foraging ; Nutrient Physiology, Metabolism, and Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions ; Nutrition ; pH effects ; protein concentrations ; Proteins ; Proteolysis ; Substrates ; Urea</subject><ispartof>The Journal of nutrition, 2021-12, Vol.151 (12), p.3637-3650</ispartof><rights>2021 American Society for Nutrition.</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition. 2021</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition.</rights><rights>Copyright American Institute of Nutrition Dec 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4327-9bf7357fe1f3d2ab8fafbb421cf8ce0bb1c32a4512f607f2867b52de16a834b33</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4327-9bf7357fe1f3d2ab8fafbb421cf8ce0bb1c32a4512f607f2867b52de16a834b33</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34587256$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Badri, Dayakar V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jackson, Matthew I</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jewell, Dennis E</creatorcontrib><title>Dietary Protein and Carbohydrate Levels Affect the Gut Microbiota and Clinical Assessment in Healthy Adult Cats</title><title>The Journal of nutrition</title><addtitle>J Nutr</addtitle><description>Relative levels of dietary protein and carbohydrate intake influence microbiota and their functional capabilities, but the effect has not been well documented in cats.
The impact of 3 foods with different protein:carbohydrate ratios on the gut microbiota and functional attributes in healthy adult cats was evaluated.
Male and female cats (n = 30; mean age: 5.1 y; mean body weight: 5.26 kg) were fed 1 of 3 foods [P28 (28.3% protein, dry matter basis), P35 (35.1%), and P55 (54.8%)] for 90 d in a Williams Latin Square design. Each food had a 1:1 ratio of animal (dried chicken) to plant (pea) protein; protein replaced carbohydrate as protein level increased. Fecal microbiota and their functional capability were assessed with 16S sequencing and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, respectively.
Fecal pH, ammonia, and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) were higher when cats consumed P55 food than when they consumed P28 and P35. Clear separation of samples between P28 and P55 based on bacterial genera was observed, with partitioning into saccharolytic and proteolytic functions, respectively. Significantly higher α diversity was seen with P55 than with P28 and P35. Amino acid metabolism, mucin foraging pathways, and urea metabolism were higher with P55 than with P28, whereas feces from cats fed P28 had higher concentrations of carbohydrate-active enzymes and enzymes involved in SCFA pathways than with P55. Bacterial genera that showed positive associations with amino acid catabolism also showed positive associations with mucin degradation.
Despite higher protein digestibility and less protein arriving to the colon, when healthy adult cats consumed the highest level of protein (P55), their gut microbiota exhibited higher mucin glycan foraging and amino acid metabolism, leading to higher fecal pH, ammonia, and BCFAs. This is likely due to lower availability of carbohydrate substrates and dietary fiber as protein replaced carbohydrate in the food.</description><subject>Amino acids</subject><subject>Ammonia</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biodegradation</subject><subject>Body weight</subject><subject>Carbohydrates</subject><subject>Catabolism</subject><subject>Cats</subject><subject>Chain branching</subject><subject>Colon</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Diet - veterinary</subject><subject>Dietary Fiber</subject><subject>Dietary intake</subject><subject>Dietary Proteins</subject><subject>Digestibility</subject><subject>Digestion</subject><subject>Dry matter</subject><subject>Encyclopedias</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>Fecal microflora</subject><subject>fecal pH</subject><subject>Feces</subject><subject>feline</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Gastrointestinal Microbiome</subject><subject>Genomes</subject><subject>Glycan</subject><subject>Intestinal microflora</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Microbiota</subject><subject>Mucin</subject><subject>mucin foraging</subject><subject>Nutrient Physiology, Metabolism, and Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions</subject><subject>Nutrition</subject><subject>pH effects</subject><subject>protein concentrations</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Proteolysis</subject><subject>Substrates</subject><subject>Urea</subject><issn>0022-3166</issn><issn>1541-6100</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>TOX</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kV2LEzEUhoMobnf1xh8gAREWoW4-ZjLpjVCq7goVvdDrkGRObMo0qUmm2H9vytRFRbzKRZ7z8J7zIvSMkteULPjNNtyEH9pwIh-gGW0bOheUkIdoRghjc06FuECXOW8JIbRZyMfogjet7FgrZii-9VB0OuLPKRbwAevQ45VOJm6OfdIF8BoOMGS8dA5swWUD-HYs-KO3KRofi54mBh-81QNe5gw57yAUXGV3oIeyOeJlPw6lakt-gh45PWR4en6v0Nf3776s7ubrT7cfVsv13DacdfOFcR1vOwfU8Z5pI512xjSMWictEGOo5Uw3LWVOkM4xKTrTsh6o0JI3hvMr9Gby7kezg97WQEkPap_8rm6rovbqz5_gN-pbPCgpGi6IqILrsyDF7yPkonY-WxgGHSCOWbG2k6drclnRF3-h2zimUNdTTBC5oKxjp0SvJqoeLucE7j4MJerUo9oGde6xws9_j3-P_iquAi8nII77_4uaiasdwsFDUtl6CBZ6n2qfqo_-X2M_AYIuui8</recordid><startdate>20211201</startdate><enddate>20211201</enddate><creator>Badri, Dayakar V</creator><creator>Jackson, Matthew I</creator><creator>Jewell, Dennis E</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><general>Oxford University Press</general><general>American Institute of Nutrition</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>TOX</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20211201</creationdate><title>Dietary Protein and Carbohydrate Levels Affect the Gut Microbiota and Clinical Assessment in Healthy Adult Cats</title><author>Badri, Dayakar V ; Jackson, Matthew I ; Jewell, Dennis E</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4327-9bf7357fe1f3d2ab8fafbb421cf8ce0bb1c32a4512f607f2867b52de16a834b33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Amino acids</topic><topic>Ammonia</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Biodegradation</topic><topic>Body weight</topic><topic>Carbohydrates</topic><topic>Catabolism</topic><topic>Cats</topic><topic>Chain branching</topic><topic>Colon</topic><topic>Diet</topic><topic>Diet - veterinary</topic><topic>Dietary Fiber</topic><topic>Dietary intake</topic><topic>Dietary Proteins</topic><topic>Digestibility</topic><topic>Digestion</topic><topic>Dry matter</topic><topic>Encyclopedias</topic><topic>Enzymes</topic><topic>Fatty acids</topic><topic>Fecal microflora</topic><topic>fecal pH</topic><topic>Feces</topic><topic>feline</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Food</topic><topic>Gastrointestinal Microbiome</topic><topic>Genomes</topic><topic>Glycan</topic><topic>Intestinal microflora</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Microbiota</topic><topic>Mucin</topic><topic>mucin foraging</topic><topic>Nutrient Physiology, Metabolism, and Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions</topic><topic>Nutrition</topic><topic>pH effects</topic><topic>protein concentrations</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Proteolysis</topic><topic>Substrates</topic><topic>Urea</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Badri, Dayakar V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jackson, Matthew I</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jewell, Dennis E</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>Oxford Journals Open Access Collection</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>The Journal of nutrition</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Badri, Dayakar V</au><au>Jackson, Matthew I</au><au>Jewell, Dennis E</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Dietary Protein and Carbohydrate Levels Affect the Gut Microbiota and Clinical Assessment in Healthy Adult Cats</atitle><jtitle>The Journal of nutrition</jtitle><addtitle>J Nutr</addtitle><date>2021-12-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>151</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>3637</spage><epage>3650</epage><pages>3637-3650</pages><issn>0022-3166</issn><eissn>1541-6100</eissn><abstract>Relative levels of dietary protein and carbohydrate intake influence microbiota and their functional capabilities, but the effect has not been well documented in cats.
The impact of 3 foods with different protein:carbohydrate ratios on the gut microbiota and functional attributes in healthy adult cats was evaluated.
Male and female cats (n = 30; mean age: 5.1 y; mean body weight: 5.26 kg) were fed 1 of 3 foods [P28 (28.3% protein, dry matter basis), P35 (35.1%), and P55 (54.8%)] for 90 d in a Williams Latin Square design. Each food had a 1:1 ratio of animal (dried chicken) to plant (pea) protein; protein replaced carbohydrate as protein level increased. Fecal microbiota and their functional capability were assessed with 16S sequencing and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, respectively.
Fecal pH, ammonia, and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) were higher when cats consumed P55 food than when they consumed P28 and P35. Clear separation of samples between P28 and P55 based on bacterial genera was observed, with partitioning into saccharolytic and proteolytic functions, respectively. Significantly higher α diversity was seen with P55 than with P28 and P35. Amino acid metabolism, mucin foraging pathways, and urea metabolism were higher with P55 than with P28, whereas feces from cats fed P28 had higher concentrations of carbohydrate-active enzymes and enzymes involved in SCFA pathways than with P55. Bacterial genera that showed positive associations with amino acid catabolism also showed positive associations with mucin degradation.
Despite higher protein digestibility and less protein arriving to the colon, when healthy adult cats consumed the highest level of protein (P55), their gut microbiota exhibited higher mucin glycan foraging and amino acid metabolism, leading to higher fecal pH, ammonia, and BCFAs. This is likely due to lower availability of carbohydrate substrates and dietary fiber as protein replaced carbohydrate in the food.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>34587256</pmid><doi>10.1093/jn/nxab308</doi><tpages>14</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Amino acids Ammonia Animals Biodegradation Body weight Carbohydrates Catabolism Cats Chain branching Colon Diet Diet - veterinary Dietary Fiber Dietary intake Dietary Proteins Digestibility Digestion Dry matter Encyclopedias Enzymes Fatty acids Fecal microflora fecal pH Feces feline Female Food Gastrointestinal Microbiome Genomes Glycan Intestinal microflora Male Metabolism Microbiota Mucin mucin foraging Nutrient Physiology, Metabolism, and Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions Nutrition pH effects protein concentrations Proteins Proteolysis Substrates Urea |
| title | Dietary Protein and Carbohydrate Levels Affect the Gut Microbiota and Clinical Assessment in Healthy Adult Cats |
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