Markers of Immune Activation and Inflammation in Individuals With Postacute Sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection

Abstract Background The biological processes associated with postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (PASC) are unknown. Methods We measured soluble markers of inflammation in a SARS-CoV-2 recovery cohort at early (90 days) timepoints. We defined PASC as the presence of 1 or more coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–attributed symptoms beyond 90 days. We compared fold-changes in marker values between those with and without PASC using mixed-effects models with terms for PASC and early and late recovery time periods. Results During early recovery, those who went on to develop PASC generally had higher levels of cytokine biomarkers including tumor necrosis factor–α (1.14-fold higher mean ratio [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.01–1.28]; P = .028) and interferon-γ–induced protein 10 (1.28-fold higher mean ratio [95% CI, 1.01–1.62]; P = .038). Among those with PASC, there was a trend toward higher interleukin 6 levels during early recovery (1.29-fold higher mean ratio [95% CI, .98–1.70]; P = .07), which became more pronounced in late recovery (1.44-fold higher mean ratio [95% CI, 1.11–1.86]; P 90 days following COVID-19 had subtle elevations in levels of certain markers of immune activation. Further characterization of these processes might identify therapeutic targets for those experiencing postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2tion.