Safety of electrooxidation for urea removal in a wearable artificial kidney is compromised by formation of glucose degradation products
A major challenge for the development of a wearable artificial kidney (WAK) is the removal of urea from the spent dialysate, as urea is the waste solute with the highest daily molar production and is difficult to adsorb. Here we present results on glucose degradation products (GDPs) formed during el...
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| creator | Gelder, Maaike K. Vollenbroek, Jeroen C. Lentferink, Babette H. Hazenbrink, Diënty H. M. Besseling, Paul J. Simonis, Frank Giovanella, Silvia Ligabue, Giulia Bajo Rubio, Maria A. Cappelli, Gianni Joles, Jaap A. Verhaar, Marianne C. Gerritsen, Karin G. F. |
| description | A major challenge for the development of a wearable artificial kidney (WAK) is the removal of urea from the spent dialysate, as urea is the waste solute with the highest daily molar production and is difficult to adsorb. Here we present results on glucose degradation products (GDPs) formed during electrooxidation (EO), a technique that applies a current to the dialysate to convert urea into nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas. Uremic plasma and peritoneal effluent were dialyzed for 8 hours with a WAK with and without EO‐based dialysate regeneration. Samples were taken regularly during treatment. GDPs (glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 3‐deoxyglucosone) were measured in EO‐ and non‐EO‐treated fluids. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations increased 26‐ and 11‐fold, respectively, in uremic plasma (at [glucose] 7 mmol/L) and 209‐ and 353‐fold, respectively, in peritoneal effluent (at [glucose] 100 mmol/L) during treatment with EO, whereas no change was observed in GDP concentrations during dialysate regeneration without EO. EO for dialysate regeneration in a WAK is currently not safe due to the generation of GDPs which are not biocompatible.
Electrooxidation (EO) is currently not safe for dialysate regeneration in a wearable artificial kidney due to the generation of glucose degradation products (GDPs) which are not biocompatible. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations increased 26‐ and 11‐fold, respectively, in uremic plasma (at [glucose] 7 mmol/L) and 209‐ and 353‐fold, respectively, in peritoneal effluent (at [glucose] 100 mmol/L) during treatment with EO in vitro, whereas no change was observed in GDP concentrations during dialysate regeneration without EO (Figure 1).Figure 1. Concentrations of GDPs (µmol/L) in regenerated uremic plasma (A) and peritoneal effluent (B). GO, glyoxal; MGO, methylglyoxal; 3‐DG, 3‐deoxyglucosone. Solid line: EO on; dashed line: EO off. The mean ± SD of 3 experiments is presented. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/aor.14040 |
| format | Article |
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Electrooxidation (EO) is currently not safe for dialysate regeneration in a wearable artificial kidney due to the generation of glucose degradation products (GDPs) which are not biocompatible. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations increased 26‐ and 11‐fold, respectively, in uremic plasma (at [glucose] 7 mmol/L) and 209‐ and 353‐fold, respectively, in peritoneal effluent (at [glucose] 100 mmol/L) during treatment with EO in vitro, whereas no change was observed in GDP concentrations during dialysate regeneration without EO (Figure 1).Figure 1. Concentrations of GDPs (µmol/L) in regenerated uremic plasma (A) and peritoneal effluent (B). GO, glyoxal; MGO, methylglyoxal; 3‐DG, 3‐deoxyglucosone. Solid line: EO on; dashed line: EO off. The mean ± SD of 3 experiments is presented.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0160-564X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1525-1594</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/aor.14040</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34251693</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>3‐Deoxyglucosone ; artificial kidney ; Biocompatibility ; Carbon dioxide ; Degradation ; Degradation products ; Dialysate ; Dialysis Solutions - chemistry ; Effluents ; Electrochemical Techniques ; electrooxidation ; Glucose ; Glucose - metabolism ; glucose degradation products ; glyoxal ; Hemodialysis ; Humans ; Kidneys ; Kidneys, Artificial ; Main Text ; methylglyoxal ; peritoneal dialysis ; Peritoneum ; Pyruvaldehyde ; Regeneration ; Renal Dialysis ; Urea ; Urea - blood ; Ureas ; Wearable Electronic Devices ; Wearable technology</subject><ispartof>Artificial organs, 2021-11, Vol.45 (11), p.1422-1428</ispartof><rights>2021 The Authors. published by International Center for Artificial Organ and Transplantation (ICAOT) and Wiley Periodicals LLC.</rights><rights>2021 The Authors. Artificial Organs published by International Center for Artificial Organ and Transplantation (ICAOT) and Wiley Periodicals LLC.</rights><rights>2021. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4430-605b43312e6d8d03e7a00497ae9d305412c336dc23464a5986de1198b2a434f83</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4430-605b43312e6d8d03e7a00497ae9d305412c336dc23464a5986de1198b2a434f83</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Faor.14040$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Faor.14040$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34251693$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Gelder, Maaike K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vollenbroek, Jeroen C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lentferink, Babette H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hazenbrink, Diënty H. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Besseling, Paul J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Simonis, Frank</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giovanella, Silvia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ligabue, Giulia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bajo Rubio, Maria A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cappelli, Gianni</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Joles, Jaap A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Verhaar, Marianne C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gerritsen, Karin G. F.</creatorcontrib><title>Safety of electrooxidation for urea removal in a wearable artificial kidney is compromised by formation of glucose degradation products</title><title>Artificial organs</title><addtitle>Artif Organs</addtitle><description>A major challenge for the development of a wearable artificial kidney (WAK) is the removal of urea from the spent dialysate, as urea is the waste solute with the highest daily molar production and is difficult to adsorb. Here we present results on glucose degradation products (GDPs) formed during electrooxidation (EO), a technique that applies a current to the dialysate to convert urea into nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas. Uremic plasma and peritoneal effluent were dialyzed for 8 hours with a WAK with and without EO‐based dialysate regeneration. Samples were taken regularly during treatment. GDPs (glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 3‐deoxyglucosone) were measured in EO‐ and non‐EO‐treated fluids. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations increased 26‐ and 11‐fold, respectively, in uremic plasma (at [glucose] 7 mmol/L) and 209‐ and 353‐fold, respectively, in peritoneal effluent (at [glucose] 100 mmol/L) during treatment with EO, whereas no change was observed in GDP concentrations during dialysate regeneration without EO. EO for dialysate regeneration in a WAK is currently not safe due to the generation of GDPs which are not biocompatible.
Electrooxidation (EO) is currently not safe for dialysate regeneration in a wearable artificial kidney due to the generation of glucose degradation products (GDPs) which are not biocompatible. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations increased 26‐ and 11‐fold, respectively, in uremic plasma (at [glucose] 7 mmol/L) and 209‐ and 353‐fold, respectively, in peritoneal effluent (at [glucose] 100 mmol/L) during treatment with EO in vitro, whereas no change was observed in GDP concentrations during dialysate regeneration without EO (Figure 1).Figure 1. Concentrations of GDPs (µmol/L) in regenerated uremic plasma (A) and peritoneal effluent (B). GO, glyoxal; MGO, methylglyoxal; 3‐DG, 3‐deoxyglucosone. Solid line: EO on; dashed line: EO off. The mean ± SD of 3 experiments is presented.</description><subject>3‐Deoxyglucosone</subject><subject>artificial kidney</subject><subject>Biocompatibility</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Degradation</subject><subject>Degradation products</subject><subject>Dialysate</subject><subject>Dialysis Solutions - chemistry</subject><subject>Effluents</subject><subject>Electrochemical Techniques</subject><subject>electrooxidation</subject><subject>Glucose</subject><subject>Glucose - metabolism</subject><subject>glucose degradation products</subject><subject>glyoxal</subject><subject>Hemodialysis</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Kidneys</subject><subject>Kidneys, Artificial</subject><subject>Main Text</subject><subject>methylglyoxal</subject><subject>peritoneal dialysis</subject><subject>Peritoneum</subject><subject>Pyruvaldehyde</subject><subject>Regeneration</subject><subject>Renal Dialysis</subject><subject>Urea</subject><subject>Urea - blood</subject><subject>Ureas</subject><subject>Wearable Electronic Devices</subject><subject>Wearable technology</subject><issn>0160-564X</issn><issn>1525-1594</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>WIN</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kctu1TAQhi0EoofCghdAltiURVo7viTZIFUVN6lSJS4SO2tiTw4uSXywk5Y8Aa-NDzlUgIQX48V8-mZGPyFPOTvl-Z1BiKdcMsnukQ1XpSq4auR9smFcs0Jp-fmIPErpmjFWSaYfkiMhS8V1IzbkxwfocFpo6Cj2aKcYwnfvYPJhpF2IdI4INOIQbqCnfqRAbxEitD1SiJPvvPW58dW7ERfqE7Vh2MUw-ISOtsteMayyPGDbzzYkpA63EQ4zMuxmO6XH5EEHfcInh_-YfHr96uPF2-Ly6s27i_PLwkopWKGZaqUQvETtascEVsCYbCrAxgmmJC-tENrZUkgtQTW1dsh5U7clSCG7WhyTl6t3N7cDOovjFKE3u-gHiIsJ4M3fndF_MdtwY2rVVEyqLDg5CGL4NmOaTD7WYt_DiGFOplSKaaFyzejzf9DrMMcxn5epmjeqrOq98MVK2RhSitjdLcOZ2cdrcrzmV7yZffbn9nfk7zwzcLYCt77H5f8mc371flX-BPpTsRs</recordid><startdate>202111</startdate><enddate>202111</enddate><creator>Gelder, Maaike K.</creator><creator>Vollenbroek, Jeroen C.</creator><creator>Lentferink, Babette H.</creator><creator>Hazenbrink, Diënty H. M.</creator><creator>Besseling, Paul J.</creator><creator>Simonis, Frank</creator><creator>Giovanella, Silvia</creator><creator>Ligabue, Giulia</creator><creator>Bajo Rubio, Maria A.</creator><creator>Cappelli, Gianni</creator><creator>Joles, Jaap A.</creator><creator>Verhaar, Marianne C.</creator><creator>Gerritsen, Karin G. F.</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><general>John Wiley and Sons Inc</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>202111</creationdate><title>Safety of electrooxidation for urea removal in a wearable artificial kidney is compromised by formation of glucose degradation products</title><author>Gelder, Maaike K. ; Vollenbroek, Jeroen C. ; Lentferink, Babette H. ; Hazenbrink, Diënty H. M. ; Besseling, Paul J. ; Simonis, Frank ; Giovanella, Silvia ; Ligabue, Giulia ; Bajo Rubio, Maria A. ; Cappelli, Gianni ; Joles, Jaap A. ; Verhaar, Marianne C. ; Gerritsen, Karin G. 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F.</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley Online Library (Open Access Collection)</collection><collection>Wiley Online Library (Open Access Collection)</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Artificial organs</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Gelder, Maaike K.</au><au>Vollenbroek, Jeroen C.</au><au>Lentferink, Babette H.</au><au>Hazenbrink, Diënty H. M.</au><au>Besseling, Paul J.</au><au>Simonis, Frank</au><au>Giovanella, Silvia</au><au>Ligabue, Giulia</au><au>Bajo Rubio, Maria A.</au><au>Cappelli, Gianni</au><au>Joles, Jaap A.</au><au>Verhaar, Marianne C.</au><au>Gerritsen, Karin G. F.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Safety of electrooxidation for urea removal in a wearable artificial kidney is compromised by formation of glucose degradation products</atitle><jtitle>Artificial organs</jtitle><addtitle>Artif Organs</addtitle><date>2021-11</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>45</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>1422</spage><epage>1428</epage><pages>1422-1428</pages><issn>0160-564X</issn><eissn>1525-1594</eissn><abstract>A major challenge for the development of a wearable artificial kidney (WAK) is the removal of urea from the spent dialysate, as urea is the waste solute with the highest daily molar production and is difficult to adsorb. Here we present results on glucose degradation products (GDPs) formed during electrooxidation (EO), a technique that applies a current to the dialysate to convert urea into nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas. Uremic plasma and peritoneal effluent were dialyzed for 8 hours with a WAK with and without EO‐based dialysate regeneration. Samples were taken regularly during treatment. GDPs (glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 3‐deoxyglucosone) were measured in EO‐ and non‐EO‐treated fluids. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations increased 26‐ and 11‐fold, respectively, in uremic plasma (at [glucose] 7 mmol/L) and 209‐ and 353‐fold, respectively, in peritoneal effluent (at [glucose] 100 mmol/L) during treatment with EO, whereas no change was observed in GDP concentrations during dialysate regeneration without EO. EO for dialysate regeneration in a WAK is currently not safe due to the generation of GDPs which are not biocompatible.
Electrooxidation (EO) is currently not safe for dialysate regeneration in a wearable artificial kidney due to the generation of glucose degradation products (GDPs) which are not biocompatible. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations increased 26‐ and 11‐fold, respectively, in uremic plasma (at [glucose] 7 mmol/L) and 209‐ and 353‐fold, respectively, in peritoneal effluent (at [glucose] 100 mmol/L) during treatment with EO in vitro, whereas no change was observed in GDP concentrations during dialysate regeneration without EO (Figure 1).Figure 1. Concentrations of GDPs (µmol/L) in regenerated uremic plasma (A) and peritoneal effluent (B). GO, glyoxal; MGO, methylglyoxal; 3‐DG, 3‐deoxyglucosone. Solid line: EO on; dashed line: EO off. The mean ± SD of 3 experiments is presented.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>34251693</pmid><doi>10.1111/aor.14040</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | 3‐Deoxyglucosone artificial kidney Biocompatibility Carbon dioxide Degradation Degradation products Dialysate Dialysis Solutions - chemistry Effluents Electrochemical Techniques electrooxidation Glucose Glucose - metabolism glucose degradation products glyoxal Hemodialysis Humans Kidneys Kidneys, Artificial Main Text methylglyoxal peritoneal dialysis Peritoneum Pyruvaldehyde Regeneration Renal Dialysis Urea Urea - blood Ureas Wearable Electronic Devices Wearable technology |
| title | Safety of electrooxidation for urea removal in a wearable artificial kidney is compromised by formation of glucose degradation products |
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