The epidemiology of social isolation and loneliness among older adults during the last years of life
Social isolation and loneliness are critical to the health of older adults, but they have not been well-described at the end of life. To determine the prevalence and correlates of social isolation and loneliness among older adults in the last years of life. Nationally representative, cross-sectional...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS) 2021-11, Vol.69 (11), p.3081-3091 |
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| container_title | Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS) |
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| creator | Kotwal, Ashwin A Cenzer, Irena S Waite, Linda J Covinsky, Kenneth E Perissinotto, Carla M Boscardin, W John Hawkley, Louise C Dale, William Smith, Alexander K |
| description | Social isolation and loneliness are critical to the health of older adults, but they have not been well-described at the end of life.
To determine the prevalence and correlates of social isolation and loneliness among older adults in the last years of life.
Nationally representative, cross-sectional survey.
Health and Retirement Study, 2006-2016 data.
Adults age > 50 interviewed once in the last 4 years of life (n = 3613).
We defined social isolation using a 15-item scale measuring household contacts, social network interaction, and community engagement, and frequent loneliness using the 3-item UCLA Loneliness Scale. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine their adjusted prevalence by time prior-to-death and by subgroups of interest.
Approximately 19% experienced social isolation, 18% loneliness, and 5% both in the last 4 years of life (correlation = 0.11). The adjusted prevalence of social isolation was higher for individuals nearer to death (4 years: 18% vs 0-3 months: 27%, p = 0.05) and there was no significant change in loneliness (4 years: 19% vs 0-3 months: 23%, p = 0.13). Risk factors for both isolation and loneliness included (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/jgs.17366 |
| format | Article |
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To determine the prevalence and correlates of social isolation and loneliness among older adults in the last years of life.
Nationally representative, cross-sectional survey.
Health and Retirement Study, 2006-2016 data.
Adults age > 50 interviewed once in the last 4 years of life (n = 3613).
We defined social isolation using a 15-item scale measuring household contacts, social network interaction, and community engagement, and frequent loneliness using the 3-item UCLA Loneliness Scale. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine their adjusted prevalence by time prior-to-death and by subgroups of interest.
Approximately 19% experienced social isolation, 18% loneliness, and 5% both in the last 4 years of life (correlation = 0.11). The adjusted prevalence of social isolation was higher for individuals nearer to death (4 years: 18% vs 0-3 months: 27%, p = 0.05) and there was no significant change in loneliness (4 years: 19% vs 0-3 months: 23%, p = 0.13). Risk factors for both isolation and loneliness included (p < 0.01): low net-worth (Isolation: 34% vs 14%; Loneliness: 29% vs 13%), hearing impairment (Isolation: 26% vs 20%; Loneliness: 26% vs 17%), and difficulty preparing meals (Isolation: 27% vs 19%; Loneliness: 29% vs 15%). Factors associated with loneliness, but not social isolation, included being female, pain, incontinence, and cognitive impairment.
Social isolation and loneliness are common at the end of life, affecting 1 in 4 older adults, but few experience both. Rates were higher for older adults who were poor and experienced functional or sensory impairments. Results can inform clinical efforts to identify and address end-of-life psychosocial suffering and health policies which prioritize social needs at the end of life.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0002-8614</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1532-5415</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17366</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34247388</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cognitive ability ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Death ; Epidemiology ; Epidemiology - trends ; Female ; Hearing loss ; Hearing Loss - psychology ; Humans ; Loneliness ; Loneliness - psychology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Older people ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Social interactions ; Social isolation ; Social Isolation - psychology ; Social organization ; Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><ispartof>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS), 2021-11, Vol.69 (11), p.3081-3091</ispartof><rights>2021 The American Geriatrics Society.</rights><rights>2021 American Geriatrics Society and Wiley Periodicals LLC</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c469t-13fe81da49c7fddd8e04d71e59438417207c42ac743518dd27149a49b4d129053</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c469t-13fe81da49c7fddd8e04d71e59438417207c42ac743518dd27149a49b4d129053</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-6137-8512</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,777,781,882,27905,27906</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34247388$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kotwal, Ashwin A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cenzer, Irena S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Waite, Linda J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Covinsky, Kenneth E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Perissinotto, Carla M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boscardin, W John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hawkley, Louise C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dale, William</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, Alexander K</creatorcontrib><title>The epidemiology of social isolation and loneliness among older adults during the last years of life</title><title>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS)</title><addtitle>J Am Geriatr Soc</addtitle><description>Social isolation and loneliness are critical to the health of older adults, but they have not been well-described at the end of life.
To determine the prevalence and correlates of social isolation and loneliness among older adults in the last years of life.
Nationally representative, cross-sectional survey.
Health and Retirement Study, 2006-2016 data.
Adults age > 50 interviewed once in the last 4 years of life (n = 3613).
We defined social isolation using a 15-item scale measuring household contacts, social network interaction, and community engagement, and frequent loneliness using the 3-item UCLA Loneliness Scale. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine their adjusted prevalence by time prior-to-death and by subgroups of interest.
Approximately 19% experienced social isolation, 18% loneliness, and 5% both in the last 4 years of life (correlation = 0.11). The adjusted prevalence of social isolation was higher for individuals nearer to death (4 years: 18% vs 0-3 months: 27%, p = 0.05) and there was no significant change in loneliness (4 years: 19% vs 0-3 months: 23%, p = 0.13). Risk factors for both isolation and loneliness included (p < 0.01): low net-worth (Isolation: 34% vs 14%; Loneliness: 29% vs 13%), hearing impairment (Isolation: 26% vs 20%; Loneliness: 26% vs 17%), and difficulty preparing meals (Isolation: 27% vs 19%; Loneliness: 29% vs 15%). Factors associated with loneliness, but not social isolation, included being female, pain, incontinence, and cognitive impairment.
Social isolation and loneliness are common at the end of life, affecting 1 in 4 older adults, but few experience both. Rates were higher for older adults who were poor and experienced functional or sensory impairments. Results can inform clinical efforts to identify and address end-of-life psychosocial suffering and health policies which prioritize social needs at the end of life.</description><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Cognitive ability</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Death</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Epidemiology - trends</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Hearing loss</subject><subject>Hearing Loss - psychology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Loneliness</subject><subject>Loneliness - psychology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Older people</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Sex Factors</subject><subject>Social interactions</subject><subject>Social isolation</subject><subject>Social Isolation - psychology</subject><subject>Social organization</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><issn>0002-8614</issn><issn>1532-5415</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkU1rHSEUhqW0NDdpF_0DReimWUzi8WNGN4US-gWBbJK1mPHMjRdHb3WmcP99zUdDWzeCPjy857yEvAN2Bu2c77b1DAbR9y_IBpTgnZKgXpINY4x3ugd5RI5r3TEGnGn9mhwJyeUgtN4Qf32HFPfB4xxyzNsDzROteQwu0lBzdEvIibrkacwJY0hYK3VzTluao8dCnV_jUqlfS2hvS7NFVxd6QFfqvSuGCd-QV5OLFd8-3Sfk5uuX64vv3eXVtx8Xny-7UfZm6UBMqME7acZh8t5rZNIPgMpIoSUMnA2j5G4cpFCgvecDSNPoW-mBG6bECfn06N2vtzP6EdNSXLT7EmZXDja7YP_9SeHObvMvq5VRClgTfHwSlPxzxbrYOdQRY3QJ81otV4r1oq3cNPTDf-guryW18RplegMgQTbq9JEaS6614PQcBpi978627uxDd419_3f6Z_JPWeI301GVOw</recordid><startdate>20211101</startdate><enddate>20211101</enddate><creator>Kotwal, Ashwin A</creator><creator>Cenzer, Irena S</creator><creator>Waite, Linda J</creator><creator>Covinsky, Kenneth E</creator><creator>Perissinotto, Carla M</creator><creator>Boscardin, W John</creator><creator>Hawkley, Louise C</creator><creator>Dale, William</creator><creator>Smith, Alexander K</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6137-8512</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211101</creationdate><title>The epidemiology of social isolation and loneliness among older adults during the last years of life</title><author>Kotwal, Ashwin A ; Cenzer, Irena S ; Waite, Linda J ; Covinsky, Kenneth E ; Perissinotto, Carla M ; Boscardin, W John ; Hawkley, Louise C ; Dale, William ; Smith, Alexander K</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c469t-13fe81da49c7fddd8e04d71e59438417207c42ac743518dd27149a49b4d129053</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Cognitive ability</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Death</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Epidemiology - trends</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Hearing loss</topic><topic>Hearing Loss - psychology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Loneliness</topic><topic>Loneliness - psychology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Older people</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Sex Factors</topic><topic>Social interactions</topic><topic>Social isolation</topic><topic>Social Isolation - psychology</topic><topic>Social organization</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kotwal, Ashwin A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cenzer, Irena S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Waite, Linda J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Covinsky, Kenneth E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Perissinotto, Carla M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boscardin, W John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hawkley, Louise C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dale, William</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, Alexander K</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kotwal, Ashwin A</au><au>Cenzer, Irena S</au><au>Waite, Linda J</au><au>Covinsky, Kenneth E</au><au>Perissinotto, Carla M</au><au>Boscardin, W John</au><au>Hawkley, Louise C</au><au>Dale, William</au><au>Smith, Alexander K</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The epidemiology of social isolation and loneliness among older adults during the last years of life</atitle><jtitle>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS)</jtitle><addtitle>J Am Geriatr Soc</addtitle><date>2021-11-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>69</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>3081</spage><epage>3091</epage><pages>3081-3091</pages><issn>0002-8614</issn><eissn>1532-5415</eissn><abstract>Social isolation and loneliness are critical to the health of older adults, but they have not been well-described at the end of life.
To determine the prevalence and correlates of social isolation and loneliness among older adults in the last years of life.
Nationally representative, cross-sectional survey.
Health and Retirement Study, 2006-2016 data.
Adults age > 50 interviewed once in the last 4 years of life (n = 3613).
We defined social isolation using a 15-item scale measuring household contacts, social network interaction, and community engagement, and frequent loneliness using the 3-item UCLA Loneliness Scale. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine their adjusted prevalence by time prior-to-death and by subgroups of interest.
Approximately 19% experienced social isolation, 18% loneliness, and 5% both in the last 4 years of life (correlation = 0.11). The adjusted prevalence of social isolation was higher for individuals nearer to death (4 years: 18% vs 0-3 months: 27%, p = 0.05) and there was no significant change in loneliness (4 years: 19% vs 0-3 months: 23%, p = 0.13). Risk factors for both isolation and loneliness included (p < 0.01): low net-worth (Isolation: 34% vs 14%; Loneliness: 29% vs 13%), hearing impairment (Isolation: 26% vs 20%; Loneliness: 26% vs 17%), and difficulty preparing meals (Isolation: 27% vs 19%; Loneliness: 29% vs 15%). Factors associated with loneliness, but not social isolation, included being female, pain, incontinence, and cognitive impairment.
Social isolation and loneliness are common at the end of life, affecting 1 in 4 older adults, but few experience both. Rates were higher for older adults who were poor and experienced functional or sensory impairments. Results can inform clinical efforts to identify and address end-of-life psychosocial suffering and health policies which prioritize social needs at the end of life.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>34247388</pmid><doi>10.1111/jgs.17366</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6137-8512</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS), 2021-11, Vol.69 (11), p.3081-3091 |
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| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete |
| subjects | Aged Aged, 80 and over Cognitive ability Cross-Sectional Studies Death Epidemiology Epidemiology - trends Female Hearing loss Hearing Loss - psychology Humans Loneliness Loneliness - psychology Male Middle Aged Older people Risk Factors Sex Factors Social interactions Social isolation Social Isolation - psychology Social organization Surveys and Questionnaires |
| title | The epidemiology of social isolation and loneliness among older adults during the last years of life |
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