A look into retinal organoids: methods, analytical techniques, and applications
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) cause progressive loss of light-sensitive photoreceptors in the eye and can lead to blindness. Gene-based therapies for IRDs have shown remarkable progress in the past decade, but the vast majority of forms remain untreatable. In the era of personalised medicine, in...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 2021-10, Vol.78 (19-20), p.6505-6532 |
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| container_title | Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS |
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| creator | Afanasyeva, Tess A. V. Corral-Serrano, Julio C. Garanto, Alejandro Roepman, Ronald Cheetham, Michael E. Collin, Rob W. J. |
| description | Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) cause progressive loss of light-sensitive photoreceptors in the eye and can lead to blindness. Gene-based therapies for IRDs have shown remarkable progress in the past decade, but the vast majority of forms remain untreatable. In the era of personalised medicine, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) emerge as a valuable system for cell replacement and to model IRD because they retain the specific patient genome and can differentiate into any adult cell type. Three-dimensional (3D) iPSCs-derived retina-like tissue called retinal organoid contains all major retina-specific cell types: amacrine, bipolar, horizontal, retinal ganglion cells, Müller glia, as well as rod and cone photoreceptors. Here, we describe the main applications of retinal organoids and provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-art analysis methods that apply to this model system. Finally, we will discuss the outlook for improvements that would bring the cellular model a step closer to become an established system in research and treatment development of IRDs. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00018-021-03917-4 |
| format | Article |
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Three-dimensional (3D) iPSCs-derived retina-like tissue called retinal organoid contains all major retina-specific cell types: amacrine, bipolar, horizontal, retinal ganglion cells, Müller glia, as well as rod and cone photoreceptors. Here, we describe the main applications of retinal organoids and provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-art analysis methods that apply to this model system. Finally, we will discuss the outlook for improvements that would bring the cellular model a step closer to become an established system in research and treatment development of IRDs.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1420-682X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1420-9071</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03917-4</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34420069</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Animals ; Biochemistry ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedicine ; Blindness ; Cell Biology ; Cell differentiation ; Cell Differentiation - physiology ; Gene therapy ; Genomes ; Horizontal cells ; Humans ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells - physiology ; Life Sciences ; Mueller cells ; Neuroglia - physiology ; Organoids ; Organoids - physiology ; Photoreception ; Photoreceptors ; Pluripotency ; Precision medicine ; Retina ; Retina - physiology ; Retinal Diseases - physiopathology ; Retinal ganglion cells ; Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells - physiology ; Review ; Stem cells</subject><ispartof>Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS, 2021-10, Vol.78 (19-20), p.6505-6532</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2021</rights><rights>2021. 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| subjects | Animals Biochemistry Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Blindness Cell Biology Cell differentiation Cell Differentiation - physiology Gene therapy Genomes Horizontal cells Humans Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells - physiology Life Sciences Mueller cells Neuroglia - physiology Organoids Organoids - physiology Photoreception Photoreceptors Pluripotency Precision medicine Retina Retina - physiology Retinal Diseases - physiopathology Retinal ganglion cells Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells - physiology Review Stem cells |
| title | A look into retinal organoids: methods, analytical techniques, and applications |
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