Removal of phytotoxins in filter sand used for drinking water treatment
•First study to investigate fate of phytotoxins in drinking water treatment.•Biological sand filters removed bracken toxins and certain alkaloids.•Pyrrolizidine alkaloids showed recalcitrant character in sand filters.•Further investigation involving more advanced treatment are needed. Phytotoxins -...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Water research (Oxford) 2021-10, Vol.205, p.117610, Article 117610 |
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| creator | Mrkajic, Natasa Skrbic Hama, Jawameer R. Strobel, Bjarne W. Hansen, Hans Chr.B. Rasmussen, Lars Holm Pedersen, Ann-Katrin Christensen, Sarah C.B. Hedegaard, Mathilde J. |
| description | •First study to investigate fate of phytotoxins in drinking water treatment.•Biological sand filters removed bracken toxins and certain alkaloids.•Pyrrolizidine alkaloids showed recalcitrant character in sand filters.•Further investigation involving more advanced treatment are needed.
Phytotoxins - toxins produced by plants – are contaminants with the potential to impair drinking water quality. They encompass a large group of toxic, partially persistent compounds that have been detected in seepage waters and in shallow wells used for drinking water production. If phytotoxins enter wells used for drinking water production, it is essential to know if the drinking water treatment processes will remove them from the water phase. However, it is currently unknown whether phytotoxins remain stable during traditional groundwater treatment using sand filters as the main treatment process. The objective of this study is to investigate removal potential of phytotoxins in biological sand filters and to asses if the removal potential is similar at different waterworks.
Microcosms were set up with filter sand and drinking water collected at different groundwater-based waterworks. To be able to monitor phytotoxin removal ptaquiloside, caudatoside, gramine, sparteine, jacobine N-oxide, senecionine N-oxide and caffeine were applied at initial concentrations of 300 µg L-1, which is approx. two orders of magnitude higher than currently detected in environment, but expected to cover extreme environmental conditions. Removal was monitored over a period of 14 days. Despite the high initial concentration, all filter sands removed ptaquiloside and caudatoside completely from the water phase and at waterworks where pellet softening was implemented (pH 8.4) prior to rapid sand filtration, complete removal occurred within the first 30 min. All filter sands removed gramine and sparteine, primarily by a biological process, while jacobine N-oxide, senecionine N-oxide and caffeine were recalcitrant in the filter sands. During degradation of ptaquiloside and caudatoside we observed formation and subsequent removal of degradation products pterosin B and A. Filter sands with the highest removal potential were characterised by high contents of deposited iron and manganese oxides and hence large specific surface areas. Difference between bacterial communities investigated by 16S rRNA gene analyses did not explain different removal in the filter sands.
All five investigated filter sands showe |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117610 |
| format | Article |
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Phytotoxins - toxins produced by plants – are contaminants with the potential to impair drinking water quality. They encompass a large group of toxic, partially persistent compounds that have been detected in seepage waters and in shallow wells used for drinking water production. If phytotoxins enter wells used for drinking water production, it is essential to know if the drinking water treatment processes will remove them from the water phase. However, it is currently unknown whether phytotoxins remain stable during traditional groundwater treatment using sand filters as the main treatment process. The objective of this study is to investigate removal potential of phytotoxins in biological sand filters and to asses if the removal potential is similar at different waterworks.
Microcosms were set up with filter sand and drinking water collected at different groundwater-based waterworks. To be able to monitor phytotoxin removal ptaquiloside, caudatoside, gramine, sparteine, jacobine N-oxide, senecionine N-oxide and caffeine were applied at initial concentrations of 300 µg L-1, which is approx. two orders of magnitude higher than currently detected in environment, but expected to cover extreme environmental conditions. Removal was monitored over a period of 14 days. Despite the high initial concentration, all filter sands removed ptaquiloside and caudatoside completely from the water phase and at waterworks where pellet softening was implemented (pH 8.4) prior to rapid sand filtration, complete removal occurred within the first 30 min. All filter sands removed gramine and sparteine, primarily by a biological process, while jacobine N-oxide, senecionine N-oxide and caffeine were recalcitrant in the filter sands. During degradation of ptaquiloside and caudatoside we observed formation and subsequent removal of degradation products pterosin B and A. Filter sands with the highest removal potential were characterised by high contents of deposited iron and manganese oxides and hence large specific surface areas. Difference between bacterial communities investigated by 16S rRNA gene analyses did not explain different removal in the filter sands.
All five investigated filter sands showed similar degradation patterns regardless of water chemistry and waterworks of origin. In drinking water treatment systems biological sand filters might therefore remove phytotoxin contaminants such as ptaquiloside, caudatoside, gramine, sparteine, while for other compounds e.g. jacobine N-oxide, senecionine N-oxide further investigations involving more advanced treatment options are needed.
[Display omitted]</description><identifier>ISSN: 0043-1354</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-2448</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117610</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34649082</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Biological rapid sand filters ; Carcinogens ; Drinking Water ; Emerging contaminantes ; Filtration ; Groundwater ; Natural toxins ; Renal Dialysis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Sand ; Silicon Dioxide ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis ; Water Purification ; Water quality</subject><ispartof>Water research (Oxford), 2021-10, Vol.205, p.117610, Article 117610</ispartof><rights>2021 The Authors</rights><rights>Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>2021 The Authors 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c463t-4a61e1308c8d4ac2c113553a23550ee86fe5444808fef7be9301a27f5fd1110b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c463t-4a61e1308c8d4ac2c113553a23550ee86fe5444808fef7be9301a27f5fd1110b3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0663-4093 ; 0000-0002-7301-3182 ; 0000-0001-6183-6045 ; 0000-0002-1393-4158 ; 0000-0002-5294-4340</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117610$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34649082$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mrkajic, Natasa Skrbic</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hama, Jawameer R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Strobel, Bjarne W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hansen, Hans Chr.B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rasmussen, Lars Holm</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pedersen, Ann-Katrin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Christensen, Sarah C.B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hedegaard, Mathilde J.</creatorcontrib><title>Removal of phytotoxins in filter sand used for drinking water treatment</title><title>Water research (Oxford)</title><addtitle>Water Res</addtitle><description>•First study to investigate fate of phytotoxins in drinking water treatment.•Biological sand filters removed bracken toxins and certain alkaloids.•Pyrrolizidine alkaloids showed recalcitrant character in sand filters.•Further investigation involving more advanced treatment are needed.
Phytotoxins - toxins produced by plants – are contaminants with the potential to impair drinking water quality. They encompass a large group of toxic, partially persistent compounds that have been detected in seepage waters and in shallow wells used for drinking water production. If phytotoxins enter wells used for drinking water production, it is essential to know if the drinking water treatment processes will remove them from the water phase. However, it is currently unknown whether phytotoxins remain stable during traditional groundwater treatment using sand filters as the main treatment process. The objective of this study is to investigate removal potential of phytotoxins in biological sand filters and to asses if the removal potential is similar at different waterworks.
Microcosms were set up with filter sand and drinking water collected at different groundwater-based waterworks. To be able to monitor phytotoxin removal ptaquiloside, caudatoside, gramine, sparteine, jacobine N-oxide, senecionine N-oxide and caffeine were applied at initial concentrations of 300 µg L-1, which is approx. two orders of magnitude higher than currently detected in environment, but expected to cover extreme environmental conditions. Removal was monitored over a period of 14 days. Despite the high initial concentration, all filter sands removed ptaquiloside and caudatoside completely from the water phase and at waterworks where pellet softening was implemented (pH 8.4) prior to rapid sand filtration, complete removal occurred within the first 30 min. All filter sands removed gramine and sparteine, primarily by a biological process, while jacobine N-oxide, senecionine N-oxide and caffeine were recalcitrant in the filter sands. During degradation of ptaquiloside and caudatoside we observed formation and subsequent removal of degradation products pterosin B and A. Filter sands with the highest removal potential were characterised by high contents of deposited iron and manganese oxides and hence large specific surface areas. Difference between bacterial communities investigated by 16S rRNA gene analyses did not explain different removal in the filter sands.
All five investigated filter sands showed similar degradation patterns regardless of water chemistry and waterworks of origin. In drinking water treatment systems biological sand filters might therefore remove phytotoxin contaminants such as ptaquiloside, caudatoside, gramine, sparteine, while for other compounds e.g. jacobine N-oxide, senecionine N-oxide further investigations involving more advanced treatment options are needed.
[Display omitted]</description><subject>Biological rapid sand filters</subject><subject>Carcinogens</subject><subject>Drinking Water</subject><subject>Emerging contaminantes</subject><subject>Filtration</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Natural toxins</subject><subject>Renal Dialysis</subject><subject>RNA, Ribosomal, 16S</subject><subject>Sand</subject><subject>Silicon Dioxide</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</subject><subject>Water Purification</subject><subject>Water quality</subject><issn>0043-1354</issn><issn>1879-2448</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kM1OAjEQxxujEUTfwJi-wK6dtrssFxNDFE1ITIyem9KdQhG2pF1Q3t4SFPXiZeYw-X_Mj5BLYDkwKK_n-btuA8acMw45QL8EdkS6UPUHGZeyOiZdxqTIQBSyQ85inDPGOBeDU9IRspQDVvEuGT3j0m_0gnpLV7Nt61v_4ZpIXUOtW7QYaNRNTdcRa2p9oHVwzZtrpjSFp2MqoNslNu05ObF6EfHia_fI6_3dy_AhGz-NHoe348zIUrSZ1CUgCFaZqpbacAOpXiE0T5MhVqXFQqbyrLJo-xMcCAaa921hawBgE9EjN3vf1XqyxNqk6KAXahXcUoet8tqpv5fGzdTUb1RVFCWUPBnIvYEJPsaA9qAFpnZg1VztwaodWLUHm2RXv3MPom-SP8Uwfb9xGFQ0DhuDtQtoWlV793_CJ3vujUs</recordid><startdate>20211015</startdate><enddate>20211015</enddate><creator>Mrkajic, Natasa Skrbic</creator><creator>Hama, Jawameer R.</creator><creator>Strobel, Bjarne W.</creator><creator>Hansen, Hans Chr.B.</creator><creator>Rasmussen, Lars Holm</creator><creator>Pedersen, Ann-Katrin</creator><creator>Christensen, Sarah C.B.</creator><creator>Hedegaard, Mathilde J.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Pergamon Press</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0663-4093</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7301-3182</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-6045</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-4158</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-4340</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211015</creationdate><title>Removal of phytotoxins in filter sand used for drinking water treatment</title><author>Mrkajic, Natasa Skrbic ; Hama, Jawameer R. ; Strobel, Bjarne W. ; Hansen, Hans Chr.B. ; Rasmussen, Lars Holm ; Pedersen, Ann-Katrin ; Christensen, Sarah C.B. ; Hedegaard, Mathilde J.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c463t-4a61e1308c8d4ac2c113553a23550ee86fe5444808fef7be9301a27f5fd1110b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Biological rapid sand filters</topic><topic>Carcinogens</topic><topic>Drinking Water</topic><topic>Emerging contaminantes</topic><topic>Filtration</topic><topic>Groundwater</topic><topic>Natural toxins</topic><topic>Renal Dialysis</topic><topic>RNA, Ribosomal, 16S</topic><topic>Sand</topic><topic>Silicon Dioxide</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</topic><topic>Water Purification</topic><topic>Water quality</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mrkajic, Natasa Skrbic</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hama, Jawameer R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Strobel, Bjarne W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hansen, Hans Chr.B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rasmussen, Lars Holm</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pedersen, Ann-Katrin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Christensen, Sarah C.B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hedegaard, Mathilde J.</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Water research (Oxford)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mrkajic, Natasa Skrbic</au><au>Hama, Jawameer R.</au><au>Strobel, Bjarne W.</au><au>Hansen, Hans Chr.B.</au><au>Rasmussen, Lars Holm</au><au>Pedersen, Ann-Katrin</au><au>Christensen, Sarah C.B.</au><au>Hedegaard, Mathilde J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Removal of phytotoxins in filter sand used for drinking water treatment</atitle><jtitle>Water research (Oxford)</jtitle><addtitle>Water Res</addtitle><date>2021-10-15</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>205</volume><spage>117610</spage><pages>117610-</pages><artnum>117610</artnum><issn>0043-1354</issn><eissn>1879-2448</eissn><abstract>•First study to investigate fate of phytotoxins in drinking water treatment.•Biological sand filters removed bracken toxins and certain alkaloids.•Pyrrolizidine alkaloids showed recalcitrant character in sand filters.•Further investigation involving more advanced treatment are needed.
Phytotoxins - toxins produced by plants – are contaminants with the potential to impair drinking water quality. They encompass a large group of toxic, partially persistent compounds that have been detected in seepage waters and in shallow wells used for drinking water production. If phytotoxins enter wells used for drinking water production, it is essential to know if the drinking water treatment processes will remove them from the water phase. However, it is currently unknown whether phytotoxins remain stable during traditional groundwater treatment using sand filters as the main treatment process. The objective of this study is to investigate removal potential of phytotoxins in biological sand filters and to asses if the removal potential is similar at different waterworks.
Microcosms were set up with filter sand and drinking water collected at different groundwater-based waterworks. To be able to monitor phytotoxin removal ptaquiloside, caudatoside, gramine, sparteine, jacobine N-oxide, senecionine N-oxide and caffeine were applied at initial concentrations of 300 µg L-1, which is approx. two orders of magnitude higher than currently detected in environment, but expected to cover extreme environmental conditions. Removal was monitored over a period of 14 days. Despite the high initial concentration, all filter sands removed ptaquiloside and caudatoside completely from the water phase and at waterworks where pellet softening was implemented (pH 8.4) prior to rapid sand filtration, complete removal occurred within the first 30 min. All filter sands removed gramine and sparteine, primarily by a biological process, while jacobine N-oxide, senecionine N-oxide and caffeine were recalcitrant in the filter sands. During degradation of ptaquiloside and caudatoside we observed formation and subsequent removal of degradation products pterosin B and A. Filter sands with the highest removal potential were characterised by high contents of deposited iron and manganese oxides and hence large specific surface areas. Difference between bacterial communities investigated by 16S rRNA gene analyses did not explain different removal in the filter sands.
All five investigated filter sands showed similar degradation patterns regardless of water chemistry and waterworks of origin. In drinking water treatment systems biological sand filters might therefore remove phytotoxin contaminants such as ptaquiloside, caudatoside, gramine, sparteine, while for other compounds e.g. jacobine N-oxide, senecionine N-oxide further investigations involving more advanced treatment options are needed.
[Display omitted]</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>34649082</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.watres.2021.117610</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0663-4093</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7301-3182</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-6045</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-4158</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-4340</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete |
| subjects | Biological rapid sand filters Carcinogens Drinking Water Emerging contaminantes Filtration Groundwater Natural toxins Renal Dialysis RNA, Ribosomal, 16S Sand Silicon Dioxide Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water Purification Water quality |
| title | Removal of phytotoxins in filter sand used for drinking water treatment |
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