Evaluation of Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Induced by the Crude Ethanol Extract of Plukenetia volubilis Linneo Leaves in Swiss Albino Mice
Plukenetia volubilis Linneo (P. volubilis), or Sacha inca, is an oleaginous plant from the Euphorbiaceae family. The presence of terpenoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds in the ethanol extracts of P. volubilis L leaves has been reported, showing a range of bioa...
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| description | Plukenetia volubilis Linneo (P. volubilis), or Sacha inca, is an oleaginous plant from the Euphorbiaceae family. The presence of terpenoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds in the ethanol extracts of P. volubilis L leaves has been reported, showing a range of bioactivities including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesia. However, the safety of this plant has not yet been reported explicitly. This study thus is aimed at evaluating the toxicity of the ethanol extract of P. volubilis leaves (EtPV) by acute and subchronic toxicity tests in Swiss albino mice following standard procedures set by The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) with slight modifications. In the acute toxicity test, the treatment groups were administered orally with the EtPV at doses of 1000, 3000, 5000, and 7000 mg/kg body weight in small fractions during 16 hours, and the mice were then observed in 14 consecutive days. In the subchronic toxicity study, the EtPV was given at doses of 100, 300, 500, and 700 mg/kg body weight for 90 days. Changes in behavior, mortality rate, and body and the weights of vital organs, hematology, clinical biochemistry, urine analysis, and histologic morphology were evaluated. The acute toxicity study showed that the EtPV causes no sign of toxicity or mortality. The hematological, biochemical and urine analyses, changes in the weight of the body and vital organs (heart, liver and kidney), and histopathological analyses of organs indicated no evidence of toxicity at any doses. It was also revealed that oral administration of EtPV is safe at the oral doses set by acute and subchronic toxicity tests, and the oral lethal dose for the EtPV is higher than 7000 mg/kg. This study is the first to confirm the safety of P. volubilis leaf ethanol extract, and as a result, encouraging further investigation to examine EtPV potential for traditional medicine. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1155/2021/6524658 |
| format | Article |
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The presence of terpenoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds in the ethanol extracts of P. volubilis L leaves has been reported, showing a range of bioactivities including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesia. However, the safety of this plant has not yet been reported explicitly. This study thus is aimed at evaluating the toxicity of the ethanol extract of P. volubilis leaves (EtPV) by acute and subchronic toxicity tests in Swiss albino mice following standard procedures set by The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) with slight modifications. In the acute toxicity test, the treatment groups were administered orally with the EtPV at doses of 1000, 3000, 5000, and 7000 mg/kg body weight in small fractions during 16 hours, and the mice were then observed in 14 consecutive days. In the subchronic toxicity study, the EtPV was given at doses of 100, 300, 500, and 700 mg/kg body weight for 90 days. Changes in behavior, mortality rate, and body and the weights of vital organs, hematology, clinical biochemistry, urine analysis, and histologic morphology were evaluated. The acute toxicity study showed that the EtPV causes no sign of toxicity or mortality. The hematological, biochemical and urine analyses, changes in the weight of the body and vital organs (heart, liver and kidney), and histopathological analyses of organs indicated no evidence of toxicity at any doses. It was also revealed that oral administration of EtPV is safe at the oral doses set by acute and subchronic toxicity tests, and the oral lethal dose for the EtPV is higher than 7000 mg/kg. This study is the first to confirm the safety of P. volubilis leaf ethanol extract, and as a result, encouraging further investigation to examine EtPV potential for traditional medicine.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2314-6133</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2314-6141</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1155/2021/6524658</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34712734</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Hindawi</publisher><subject>Acute toxicity ; Albinism ; Alcohol ; Alcohol, Denatured ; Analgesia ; Animal experimentation ; Animals ; Antiinfectives and antibacterials ; Antioxidants ; Behavior ; Behavior, Animal - drug effects ; Biocompatibility ; Biotechnology ; Body weight ; Body Weight - drug effects ; Cholesterol ; Clinical trials ; Complex Mixtures - toxicity ; Disease ; Dosage and administration ; Drinking Behavior - drug effects ; Ethanol ; Ethanol - chemistry ; Euphorbiaceae ; Euphorbiaceae - chemistry ; Evaluation ; Feeding Behavior - drug effects ; Food science ; Glycosides ; Growth ; Health aspects ; Hematology ; Herbal medicine ; Identification and classification ; Inflammation ; Kidneys ; Laboratory animals ; Leaves ; Lethal dose ; Male ; Materia medica, Vegetable ; Medical research ; Medicine ; Medicine, Botanic ; Medicine, Herbal ; Methods ; Mice ; Morphology ; Mortality ; Oils & fats ; Oral administration ; Organ Size - drug effects ; Organs ; Pain perception ; Phenolic compounds ; Phenols ; Physiological aspects ; Phytochemicals ; Phytochemicals - analysis ; Phytosterols ; Plant extracts ; Plant Extracts - toxicity ; Plant Leaves - chemistry ; Plukenetia volubilis ; Properties ; Rheumatoid arthritis ; Safety ; Saponins ; Terpenes ; Toxicity testing ; Toxicity Tests, Acute ; Toxicity Tests, Subchronic ; Traditional medicine ; Urinalysis</subject><ispartof>BioMed research international, 2021, Vol.2021 (1), p.6524658-6524658</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2021 Phuong-Nhung Thi Tran and Thi Thanh Nha Tran.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2021 Phuong-Nhung Thi Tran and Thi Thanh Nha Tran. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</rights><rights>Copyright © 2021 Phuong-Nhung Thi Tran and Thi Thanh Nha Tran. 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c504t-f8b7b817a255f1d2becf7a02ce05559a69d8275bbeb48c8123e5e3891218be843</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c504t-f8b7b817a255f1d2becf7a02ce05559a69d8275bbeb48c8123e5e3891218be843</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-4792-6540</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8548117/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8548117/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,725,778,782,883,4012,27910,27911,27912,53778,53780</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34712734$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Pasciu, Valeria</contributor><contributor>Valeria Pasciu</contributor><creatorcontrib>Tran, Phuong-Nhung Thi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tran, Thi Thanh Nha</creatorcontrib><title>Evaluation of Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Induced by the Crude Ethanol Extract of Plukenetia volubilis Linneo Leaves in Swiss Albino Mice</title><title>BioMed research international</title><addtitle>Biomed Res Int</addtitle><description>Plukenetia volubilis Linneo (P. volubilis), or Sacha inca, is an oleaginous plant from the Euphorbiaceae family. The presence of terpenoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds in the ethanol extracts of P. volubilis L leaves has been reported, showing a range of bioactivities including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesia. However, the safety of this plant has not yet been reported explicitly. This study thus is aimed at evaluating the toxicity of the ethanol extract of P. volubilis leaves (EtPV) by acute and subchronic toxicity tests in Swiss albino mice following standard procedures set by The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) with slight modifications. In the acute toxicity test, the treatment groups were administered orally with the EtPV at doses of 1000, 3000, 5000, and 7000 mg/kg body weight in small fractions during 16 hours, and the mice were then observed in 14 consecutive days. In the subchronic toxicity study, the EtPV was given at doses of 100, 300, 500, and 700 mg/kg body weight for 90 days. Changes in behavior, mortality rate, and body and the weights of vital organs, hematology, clinical biochemistry, urine analysis, and histologic morphology were evaluated. The acute toxicity study showed that the EtPV causes no sign of toxicity or mortality. The hematological, biochemical and urine analyses, changes in the weight of the body and vital organs (heart, liver and kidney), and histopathological analyses of organs indicated no evidence of toxicity at any doses. It was also revealed that oral administration of EtPV is safe at the oral doses set by acute and subchronic toxicity tests, and the oral lethal dose for the EtPV is higher than 7000 mg/kg. This study is the first to confirm the safety of P. volubilis leaf ethanol extract, and as a result, encouraging further investigation to examine EtPV potential for traditional medicine.</description><subject>Acute toxicity</subject><subject>Albinism</subject><subject>Alcohol</subject><subject>Alcohol, Denatured</subject><subject>Analgesia</subject><subject>Animal experimentation</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antiinfectives and antibacterials</subject><subject>Antioxidants</subject><subject>Behavior</subject><subject>Behavior, Animal - drug effects</subject><subject>Biocompatibility</subject><subject>Biotechnology</subject><subject>Body weight</subject><subject>Body Weight - drug effects</subject><subject>Cholesterol</subject><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Complex Mixtures - toxicity</subject><subject>Disease</subject><subject>Dosage and administration</subject><subject>Drinking Behavior - drug effects</subject><subject>Ethanol</subject><subject>Ethanol - chemistry</subject><subject>Euphorbiaceae</subject><subject>Euphorbiaceae - chemistry</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>Feeding Behavior - drug effects</subject><subject>Food science</subject><subject>Glycosides</subject><subject>Growth</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Hematology</subject><subject>Herbal medicine</subject><subject>Identification and classification</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Kidneys</subject><subject>Laboratory animals</subject><subject>Leaves</subject><subject>Lethal dose</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Materia medica, Vegetable</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine, Botanic</subject><subject>Medicine, Herbal</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Oils & fats</subject><subject>Oral administration</subject><subject>Organ Size - drug effects</subject><subject>Organs</subject><subject>Pain perception</subject><subject>Phenolic compounds</subject><subject>Phenols</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Phytochemicals</subject><subject>Phytochemicals - analysis</subject><subject>Phytosterols</subject><subject>Plant extracts</subject><subject>Plant Extracts - toxicity</subject><subject>Plant Leaves - chemistry</subject><subject>Plukenetia volubilis</subject><subject>Properties</subject><subject>Rheumatoid arthritis</subject><subject>Safety</subject><subject>Saponins</subject><subject>Terpenes</subject><subject>Toxicity testing</subject><subject>Toxicity Tests, Acute</subject><subject>Toxicity Tests, Subchronic</subject><subject>Traditional medicine</subject><subject>Urinalysis</subject><issn>2314-6133</issn><issn>2314-6141</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>RHX</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9ks1q3DAURk1paUKaXddF0E0hncZXlmx5UxiGaRuY0kLStZDk61ipRkota5J5hrx0bGY6_VlEGwnu4aDv8mXZa8g_AHB-TnMK5yWnrOTiWXZMC2CzEhg8P7yL4ig7jfEmH4-AMq_Ll9lRwSqgVcGOs4flRrmkBhs8CS2ZmzQgUb4hl0mbrg_eGnIV7q2xw5Zc-CYZbIjekqFDsuhTg2Q5dMoHR5b3Q6_MMFm-u_QTPQ5WkU1wSVtnI1lZ7zGQFaoNRmI9ubyzMZK509YH8tUafJW9aJWLeLq_T7Ifn5ZXiy-z1bfPF4v5amZ4zoZZK3SlBVSKct5CQzWatlI5NZhzzmtV1o2gFdcaNRNGAC2QYyFqoCA0ClacZB933tuk19gY9OPPnbzt7Vr1WxmUlf9OvO3kddhIwZkAqEbBu72gD78SxkGubTTonBoTpigpr3PIuQA-om__Q29C6v0Yb6REzSvgrPxDXSuH0vo2TLucpHJe1qVgjNLqaUoUnBdQT673O8r0IcYe20MwyOVUGjmVRu5LM-Jv_l7GAf5dkRE42wGd9Y26s0_rHgFkxcgJ</recordid><startdate>2021</startdate><enddate>2021</enddate><creator>Tran, Phuong-Nhung Thi</creator><creator>Tran, Thi Thanh Nha</creator><general>Hindawi</general><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><general>Hindawi Limited</general><scope>RHU</scope><scope>RHW</scope><scope>RHX</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>CWDGH</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4792-6540</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>2021</creationdate><title>Evaluation of Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Induced by the Crude Ethanol Extract of Plukenetia volubilis Linneo Leaves in Swiss Albino Mice</title><author>Tran, Phuong-Nhung Thi ; Tran, Thi Thanh Nha</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c504t-f8b7b817a255f1d2becf7a02ce05559a69d8275bbeb48c8123e5e3891218be843</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Acute toxicity</topic><topic>Albinism</topic><topic>Alcohol</topic><topic>Alcohol, Denatured</topic><topic>Analgesia</topic><topic>Animal experimentation</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antiinfectives and antibacterials</topic><topic>Antioxidants</topic><topic>Behavior</topic><topic>Behavior, Animal - drug effects</topic><topic>Biocompatibility</topic><topic>Biotechnology</topic><topic>Body weight</topic><topic>Body Weight - drug effects</topic><topic>Cholesterol</topic><topic>Clinical trials</topic><topic>Complex Mixtures - toxicity</topic><topic>Disease</topic><topic>Dosage and administration</topic><topic>Drinking Behavior - drug effects</topic><topic>Ethanol</topic><topic>Ethanol - chemistry</topic><topic>Euphorbiaceae</topic><topic>Euphorbiaceae - chemistry</topic><topic>Evaluation</topic><topic>Feeding Behavior - drug effects</topic><topic>Food science</topic><topic>Glycosides</topic><topic>Growth</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Hematology</topic><topic>Herbal medicine</topic><topic>Identification and classification</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Kidneys</topic><topic>Laboratory animals</topic><topic>Leaves</topic><topic>Lethal dose</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Materia medica, Vegetable</topic><topic>Medical research</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine, Botanic</topic><topic>Medicine, Herbal</topic><topic>Methods</topic><topic>Mice</topic><topic>Morphology</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Oils & fats</topic><topic>Oral administration</topic><topic>Organ Size - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>BioMed research international</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Tran, Phuong-Nhung Thi</au><au>Tran, Thi Thanh Nha</au><au>Pasciu, Valeria</au><au>Valeria Pasciu</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Evaluation of Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Induced by the Crude Ethanol Extract of Plukenetia volubilis Linneo Leaves in Swiss Albino Mice</atitle><jtitle>BioMed research international</jtitle><addtitle>Biomed Res Int</addtitle><date>2021</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>2021</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>6524658</spage><epage>6524658</epage><pages>6524658-6524658</pages><issn>2314-6133</issn><eissn>2314-6141</eissn><abstract>Plukenetia volubilis Linneo (P. volubilis), or Sacha inca, is an oleaginous plant from the Euphorbiaceae family. The presence of terpenoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds in the ethanol extracts of P. volubilis L leaves has been reported, showing a range of bioactivities including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesia. However, the safety of this plant has not yet been reported explicitly. This study thus is aimed at evaluating the toxicity of the ethanol extract of P. volubilis leaves (EtPV) by acute and subchronic toxicity tests in Swiss albino mice following standard procedures set by The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) with slight modifications. In the acute toxicity test, the treatment groups were administered orally with the EtPV at doses of 1000, 3000, 5000, and 7000 mg/kg body weight in small fractions during 16 hours, and the mice were then observed in 14 consecutive days. In the subchronic toxicity study, the EtPV was given at doses of 100, 300, 500, and 700 mg/kg body weight for 90 days. Changes in behavior, mortality rate, and body and the weights of vital organs, hematology, clinical biochemistry, urine analysis, and histologic morphology were evaluated. The acute toxicity study showed that the EtPV causes no sign of toxicity or mortality. The hematological, biochemical and urine analyses, changes in the weight of the body and vital organs (heart, liver and kidney), and histopathological analyses of organs indicated no evidence of toxicity at any doses. It was also revealed that oral administration of EtPV is safe at the oral doses set by acute and subchronic toxicity tests, and the oral lethal dose for the EtPV is higher than 7000 mg/kg. This study is the first to confirm the safety of P. volubilis leaf ethanol extract, and as a result, encouraging further investigation to examine EtPV potential for traditional medicine.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Hindawi</pub><pmid>34712734</pmid><doi>10.1155/2021/6524658</doi><tpages>1</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4792-6540</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8548117 |
| source | MEDLINE; PubMed Central Open Access; Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Titles; PubMed Central; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Acute toxicity Albinism Alcohol Alcohol, Denatured Analgesia Animal experimentation Animals Antiinfectives and antibacterials Antioxidants Behavior Behavior, Animal - drug effects Biocompatibility Biotechnology Body weight Body Weight - drug effects Cholesterol Clinical trials Complex Mixtures - toxicity Disease Dosage and administration Drinking Behavior - drug effects Ethanol Ethanol - chemistry Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae - chemistry Evaluation Feeding Behavior - drug effects Food science Glycosides Growth Health aspects Hematology Herbal medicine Identification and classification Inflammation Kidneys Laboratory animals Leaves Lethal dose Male Materia medica, Vegetable Medical research Medicine Medicine, Botanic Medicine, Herbal Methods Mice Morphology Mortality Oils & fats Oral administration Organ Size - drug effects Organs Pain perception Phenolic compounds Phenols Physiological aspects Phytochemicals Phytochemicals - analysis Phytosterols Plant extracts Plant Extracts - toxicity Plant Leaves - chemistry Plukenetia volubilis Properties Rheumatoid arthritis Safety Saponins Terpenes Toxicity testing Toxicity Tests, Acute Toxicity Tests, Subchronic Traditional medicine Urinalysis |
| title | Evaluation of Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Induced by the Crude Ethanol Extract of Plukenetia volubilis Linneo Leaves in Swiss Albino Mice |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-15T19%3A26%3A59IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evaluation%20of%20Acute%20and%20Subchronic%20Toxicity%20Induced%20by%20the%20Crude%20Ethanol%20Extract%20of%20Plukenetia%20volubilis%20Linneo%20Leaves%20in%20Swiss%20Albino%20Mice&rft.jtitle=BioMed%20research%20international&rft.au=Tran,%20Phuong-Nhung%20Thi&rft.date=2021&rft.volume=2021&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=6524658&rft.epage=6524658&rft.pages=6524658-6524658&rft.issn=2314-6133&rft.eissn=2314-6141&rft_id=info:doi/10.1155/2021/6524658&rft_dat=%3Cgale_pubme%3EA696844227%3C/gale_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2589571546&rft_id=info:pmid/34712734&rft_galeid=A696844227&rfr_iscdi=true |