Loneliness and Depression among Women in Poland during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many changes in the functioning of people all over the world in a short period of time. According to a WHO report (2020), it is women who are at a particular risk of the negative effects of the pandemic, especially in terms of mental health. Aim of study:...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of environmental research and public health 2021-10, Vol.18 (20), p.10698 |
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| creator | Idzik, Anna Leńczuk-Gruba, Anna Kobos, Ewa Pietrzak, Mariola Dziedzic, Beata |
| description | Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many changes in the functioning of people all over the world in a short period of time. According to a WHO report (2020), it is women who are at a particular risk of the negative effects of the pandemic, especially in terms of mental health. Aim of study: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of anxiety, depression, irritability, and loneliness among adult women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on a representative sample of women in Poland (n = 452). The data were collected using the HADS-M scale and the R-UCLA scale. Results: A low level of loneliness was found in 37.3% of the women, moderate in 38.9%, moderately high in 22.3% and very high in 1.3% of women. Self-rating of physical and mental health was significantly positively correlated with anxiety, depression, and irritability in HADS-M, and loneliness in R-UCLA. As the severity of loneliness increased, so did Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores on all subscales (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The study group presented with mental well-being disorders in the form of anxiety and depression. Two in three women experienced loneliness. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijerph182010698 |
| format | Article |
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According to a WHO report (2020), it is women who are at a particular risk of the negative effects of the pandemic, especially in terms of mental health. Aim of study: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of anxiety, depression, irritability, and loneliness among adult women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on a representative sample of women in Poland (n = 452). The data were collected using the HADS-M scale and the R-UCLA scale. Results: A low level of loneliness was found in 37.3% of the women, moderate in 38.9%, moderately high in 22.3% and very high in 1.3% of women. Self-rating of physical and mental health was significantly positively correlated with anxiety, depression, and irritability in HADS-M, and loneliness in R-UCLA. As the severity of loneliness increased, so did Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores on all subscales (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The study group presented with mental well-being disorders in the form of anxiety and depression. Two in three women experienced loneliness.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-7827</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010698</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34682443</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Anxiety ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; Disease transmission ; Epidemics ; GDP ; Gross Domestic Product ; Hospitals ; Loneliness ; Low level ; Medical research ; Mental depression ; Mental disorders ; Mental health ; Pandemics ; Questionnaires ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Sociodemographics ; Statistical analysis ; Well being ; Womens health</subject><ispartof>International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021-10, Vol.18 (20), p.10698</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 by the authors. 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c398t-b5bf699b5a590b269b767ce93997596fffd5ffbf38bf43ddedd4e4129917f2753</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c398t-b5bf699b5a590b269b767ce93997596fffd5ffbf38bf43ddedd4e4129917f2753</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-2524-6157 ; 0000-0001-9112-1956 ; 0000-0003-4099-6597</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8535819/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8535819/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27923,27924,53790,53792</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Idzik, Anna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leńczuk-Gruba, Anna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kobos, Ewa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pietrzak, Mariola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dziedzic, Beata</creatorcontrib><title>Loneliness and Depression among Women in Poland during the COVID-19 Pandemic</title><title>International journal of environmental research and public health</title><description>Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many changes in the functioning of people all over the world in a short period of time. According to a WHO report (2020), it is women who are at a particular risk of the negative effects of the pandemic, especially in terms of mental health. Aim of study: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of anxiety, depression, irritability, and loneliness among adult women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on a representative sample of women in Poland (n = 452). The data were collected using the HADS-M scale and the R-UCLA scale. Results: A low level of loneliness was found in 37.3% of the women, moderate in 38.9%, moderately high in 22.3% and very high in 1.3% of women. Self-rating of physical and mental health was significantly positively correlated with anxiety, depression, and irritability in HADS-M, and loneliness in R-UCLA. As the severity of loneliness increased, so did Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores on all subscales (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The study group presented with mental well-being disorders in the form of anxiety and depression. Two in three women experienced loneliness.</description><subject>Anxiety</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>Disease transmission</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>GDP</subject><subject>Gross Domestic Product</subject><subject>Hospitals</subject><subject>Loneliness</subject><subject>Low level</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Mental depression</subject><subject>Mental disorders</subject><subject>Mental health</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</subject><subject>Sociodemographics</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Well being</subject><subject>Womens health</subject><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><issn>1660-4601</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkctLAzEQxoMoVqtnrwtevKxNNo9NLoK0vqCgBx_HsI-JTdlNatIV_O9NVUR7mRnm-_ExD4ROCD6nVOGJXUJYLYgsMMFCyR10QITAOROY7P6pR-gwxiXGVDKh9tGIMiELxugBms-9g846iDGrXJvNYBVSbb3Lqt671-zF9-Ay67IH322Adgg2tdcLyKb3z3eznKjsIQnQ2-YI7Zmqi3D8k8fo6frqcXqbz-9v7qaX87yhSq7zmtdGKFXziitcF0LVpSgbUFSpkithjGm5MbWhsjaMti20LQNGCqVIaYqS0zG6-PZdDXUPbQNuHapOr4Ltq_ChfWX1f8XZhX7171pyyiVRyeDsxyD4twHiWvc2NtClDcEPURdcMomx4EVCT7fQpR-CS-t9UemiZYpjNPmmmuBjDGB-hyFYbz6ltz5FPwFFWoX1</recordid><startdate>20211012</startdate><enddate>20211012</enddate><creator>Idzik, Anna</creator><creator>Leńczuk-Gruba, Anna</creator><creator>Kobos, Ewa</creator><creator>Pietrzak, Mariola</creator><creator>Dziedzic, Beata</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>COVID</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2524-6157</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9112-1956</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4099-6597</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211012</creationdate><title>Loneliness and Depression among Women in Poland during the COVID-19 Pandemic</title><author>Idzik, Anna ; Leńczuk-Gruba, Anna ; Kobos, Ewa ; Pietrzak, Mariola ; Dziedzic, Beata</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c398t-b5bf699b5a590b269b767ce93997596fffd5ffbf38bf43ddedd4e4129917f2753</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Anxiety</topic><topic>Coronaviruses</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>Disease transmission</topic><topic>Epidemics</topic><topic>GDP</topic><topic>Gross Domestic Product</topic><topic>Hospitals</topic><topic>Loneliness</topic><topic>Low level</topic><topic>Medical research</topic><topic>Mental depression</topic><topic>Mental disorders</topic><topic>Mental health</topic><topic>Pandemics</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</topic><topic>Sociodemographics</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Well being</topic><topic>Womens health</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Idzik, Anna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leńczuk-Gruba, Anna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kobos, Ewa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pietrzak, Mariola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dziedzic, Beata</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Coronavirus Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>International journal of environmental research and public health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Idzik, Anna</au><au>Leńczuk-Gruba, Anna</au><au>Kobos, Ewa</au><au>Pietrzak, Mariola</au><au>Dziedzic, Beata</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Loneliness and Depression among Women in Poland during the COVID-19 Pandemic</atitle><jtitle>International journal of environmental research and public health</jtitle><date>2021-10-12</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>18</volume><issue>20</issue><spage>10698</spage><pages>10698-</pages><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><eissn>1660-4601</eissn><abstract>Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many changes in the functioning of people all over the world in a short period of time. 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| subjects | Anxiety Coronaviruses COVID-19 Disease transmission Epidemics GDP Gross Domestic Product Hospitals Loneliness Low level Medical research Mental depression Mental disorders Mental health Pandemics Questionnaires Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Sociodemographics Statistical analysis Well being Womens health |
| title | Loneliness and Depression among Women in Poland during the COVID-19 Pandemic |
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