Cabbage and Sauerkraut Consumption in Adolescence and Adulthood and Breast Cancer Risk among US-Resident Polish Migrant Women
Background: Breast cancer (BC) incidence and mortality are lower in Poland than in the United States (US). However, Polish-born migrant women to US approach the higher BC mortality rates of US women. We evaluated the association between consumption of cabbage/sauerkraut foods and BC risk in Polish-b...
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creator | Pathak, Dorothy Rybaczyk Stein, Aryeh D. He, Jian-Ping Noel, Mary M. Hembroff, Larry Nelson, Dorothy A. Vigneau, Fawn Shen, Tiefu Scott, Laura J. Charzewska, Jadwiga Wajszczyk, Bożena Clark, Karen Rybaczyk, Leszek A. Pathak, Bogdan A. Błaszczyk, Dorota Bankowski, Ann Willett, Walter C. |
description | Background: Breast cancer (BC) incidence and mortality are lower in Poland than in the United States (US). However, Polish-born migrant women to US approach the higher BC mortality rates of US women. We evaluated the association between consumption of cabbage/sauerkraut foods and BC risk in Polish-born migrants to US. Methods: We conducted a case–control study of BC among Polish-born migrants in Cook County and the Detroit Metropolitan Area. Cases (n = 131) were 20–79 years old with histological/cytological confirmation of invasive BC. Population-based controls (n = 284) were frequency matched to cases on age and residence. Food frequency questionnaires assessed diet during adulthood and age 12–13 years. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated with conditional logistic regression. Consumption of total, raw/short-cooked, and long-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods was categorized as low, medium, or high (frequency of servings/week). Results: Higher consumption of total and raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods, during both adolescence and adulthood, was associated with a significantly lower BC risk. Consumption of long-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods was low and not significantly associated with risk. The multivariate OR for total cabbage/sauerkraut consumption, high vs. low (>4 vs. ≤2 servings/week) during adolescence was 0.36 (95% CI = 0.18–0.71, ptrend < 0.01) and 0.50 (95% CI = 0.23–1.06, ptrend = 0.08) during adulthood. For raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut (>3 vs. ≤1.5 servings/week), the ORs were 0.35 (95% CI = 0.16–0.72, ptrend < 0.01) during adolescence and 0.37 (95% CI = 0.17–0.78, ptrend < 0.01) during adulthood. For joint adolescent/adult consumption of raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods, (high, high) vs. (low, low), the OR was 0.23 (95% CI = 0.07–0.65). The significant association for high adolescent consumption of raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods and reduced BC risk was consistent across all levels of consumption in adulthood. Conclusion: Greater consumption of total and raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods either during adolescence or adulthood was associated with significantly reduced BC risk among Polish migrant women. These findings contribute to the growing literature suggesting a protective effect of a potentially modifiable factor, cruciferous vegetable intake, on breast cancer risk. |
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fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8535652</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2584783992</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c398t-b8a7793efd9e18eda991a6aebdd083c0476388751de9202de6123e7684fb6d273</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpdkU1v1DAQhi0EoqVw5mqJC5dQO5M49gVpWdFSqQjUUnG0JvHsrreJvbUTpB7630m7VQU9zYzeZ17NB2PvpfgEYMSx31LabaQuhRSNqV-wQ6mUKCol5Mt_8gP2JuetEKArZV6zA6iULutKHLK7JbYtroljcPwSJ0rXCaeRL2PI07AbfQzcB75wsafcUej25MJN_biJ0T1UXxJhnntwlhO_8Pma4xDDml9dFheUvaMw8p-x93nDv_t1wrn8HQcKb9mrFfaZ3j3GI3Z18vXX8ltx_uP0bLk4LzoweixajU1jgFbOkNTk0BiJCql1TmjoRNUo0LqppSNTitKRkiVQo3S1apUrGzhin_e-u6kdyM17jAl7u0t-wHRrI3r7vxL8xq7jH6trqFVdzgYfHw1SvJkoj3bw8zn6HgPFKduy1lWjwZh79MMzdBunFOb1HijQUAPM1PGe6lLMOdHqaRgp7P1r7bPXwl-yPpgq</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2584383533</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Cabbage and Sauerkraut Consumption in Adolescence and Adulthood and Breast Cancer Risk among US-Resident Polish Migrant Women</title><source>PubMed Central Open Access</source><source>MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry</source><creator>Pathak, Dorothy Rybaczyk ; Stein, Aryeh D. ; He, Jian-Ping ; Noel, Mary M. ; Hembroff, Larry ; Nelson, Dorothy A. ; Vigneau, Fawn ; Shen, Tiefu ; Scott, Laura J. ; Charzewska, Jadwiga ; Wajszczyk, Bożena ; Clark, Karen ; Rybaczyk, Leszek A. ; Pathak, Bogdan A. ; Błaszczyk, Dorota ; Bankowski, Ann ; Willett, Walter C.</creator><creatorcontrib>Pathak, Dorothy Rybaczyk ; Stein, Aryeh D. ; He, Jian-Ping ; Noel, Mary M. ; Hembroff, Larry ; Nelson, Dorothy A. ; Vigneau, Fawn ; Shen, Tiefu ; Scott, Laura J. ; Charzewska, Jadwiga ; Wajszczyk, Bożena ; Clark, Karen ; Rybaczyk, Leszek A. ; Pathak, Bogdan A. ; Błaszczyk, Dorota ; Bankowski, Ann ; Willett, Walter C.</creatorcontrib><description>Background: Breast cancer (BC) incidence and mortality are lower in Poland than in the United States (US). However, Polish-born migrant women to US approach the higher BC mortality rates of US women. We evaluated the association between consumption of cabbage/sauerkraut foods and BC risk in Polish-born migrants to US. Methods: We conducted a case–control study of BC among Polish-born migrants in Cook County and the Detroit Metropolitan Area. Cases (n = 131) were 20–79 years old with histological/cytological confirmation of invasive BC. Population-based controls (n = 284) were frequency matched to cases on age and residence. Food frequency questionnaires assessed diet during adulthood and age 12–13 years. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated with conditional logistic regression. Consumption of total, raw/short-cooked, and long-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods was categorized as low, medium, or high (frequency of servings/week). Results: Higher consumption of total and raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods, during both adolescence and adulthood, was associated with a significantly lower BC risk. Consumption of long-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods was low and not significantly associated with risk. The multivariate OR for total cabbage/sauerkraut consumption, high vs. low (>4 vs. ≤2 servings/week) during adolescence was 0.36 (95% CI = 0.18–0.71, ptrend < 0.01) and 0.50 (95% CI = 0.23–1.06, ptrend = 0.08) during adulthood. For raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut (>3 vs. ≤1.5 servings/week), the ORs were 0.35 (95% CI = 0.16–0.72, ptrend < 0.01) during adolescence and 0.37 (95% CI = 0.17–0.78, ptrend < 0.01) during adulthood. For joint adolescent/adult consumption of raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods, (high, high) vs. (low, low), the OR was 0.23 (95% CI = 0.07–0.65). The significant association for high adolescent consumption of raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods and reduced BC risk was consistent across all levels of consumption in adulthood. Conclusion: Greater consumption of total and raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods either during adolescence or adulthood was associated with significantly reduced BC risk among Polish migrant women. These findings contribute to the growing literature suggesting a protective effect of a potentially modifiable factor, cruciferous vegetable intake, on breast cancer risk.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-7827</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010795</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34682540</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Adolescence ; Adolescents ; Adults ; Bioavailability ; Brassica oleracea ; Breast cancer ; Calendars ; Child development ; Confidence intervals ; Cooking ; Diet ; Food ; Health risks ; Interviews ; Invasiveness ; Metropolitan areas ; Migrants ; Mortality ; Phytochemicals ; Population ; Recall ; Response rates ; Risk ; Sauerkraut ; Statistical analysis ; Vegetables ; Womens health</subject><ispartof>International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021-10, Vol.18 (20), p.10795</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 by the authors. 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c398t-b8a7793efd9e18eda991a6aebdd083c0476388751de9202de6123e7684fb6d273</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c398t-b8a7793efd9e18eda991a6aebdd083c0476388751de9202de6123e7684fb6d273</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5318-3985 ; 0000-0003-1138-6458 ; 0000-0001-9108-3080 ; 0000-0002-5474-9282</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8535652/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8535652/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Pathak, Dorothy Rybaczyk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stein, Aryeh D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>He, Jian-Ping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Noel, Mary M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hembroff, Larry</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nelson, Dorothy A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vigneau, Fawn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shen, Tiefu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scott, Laura J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Charzewska, Jadwiga</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wajszczyk, Bożena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Clark, Karen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rybaczyk, Leszek A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pathak, Bogdan A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Błaszczyk, Dorota</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bankowski, Ann</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Willett, Walter C.</creatorcontrib><title>Cabbage and Sauerkraut Consumption in Adolescence and Adulthood and Breast Cancer Risk among US-Resident Polish Migrant Women</title><title>International journal of environmental research and public health</title><description>Background: Breast cancer (BC) incidence and mortality are lower in Poland than in the United States (US). However, Polish-born migrant women to US approach the higher BC mortality rates of US women. We evaluated the association between consumption of cabbage/sauerkraut foods and BC risk in Polish-born migrants to US. Methods: We conducted a case–control study of BC among Polish-born migrants in Cook County and the Detroit Metropolitan Area. Cases (n = 131) were 20–79 years old with histological/cytological confirmation of invasive BC. Population-based controls (n = 284) were frequency matched to cases on age and residence. Food frequency questionnaires assessed diet during adulthood and age 12–13 years. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated with conditional logistic regression. Consumption of total, raw/short-cooked, and long-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods was categorized as low, medium, or high (frequency of servings/week). Results: Higher consumption of total and raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods, during both adolescence and adulthood, was associated with a significantly lower BC risk. Consumption of long-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods was low and not significantly associated with risk. The multivariate OR for total cabbage/sauerkraut consumption, high vs. low (>4 vs. ≤2 servings/week) during adolescence was 0.36 (95% CI = 0.18–0.71, ptrend < 0.01) and 0.50 (95% CI = 0.23–1.06, ptrend = 0.08) during adulthood. For raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut (>3 vs. ≤1.5 servings/week), the ORs were 0.35 (95% CI = 0.16–0.72, ptrend < 0.01) during adolescence and 0.37 (95% CI = 0.17–0.78, ptrend < 0.01) during adulthood. For joint adolescent/adult consumption of raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods, (high, high) vs. (low, low), the OR was 0.23 (95% CI = 0.07–0.65). The significant association for high adolescent consumption of raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods and reduced BC risk was consistent across all levels of consumption in adulthood. Conclusion: Greater consumption of total and raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods either during adolescence or adulthood was associated with significantly reduced BC risk among Polish migrant women. These findings contribute to the growing literature suggesting a protective effect of a potentially modifiable factor, cruciferous vegetable intake, on breast cancer risk.</description><subject>Adolescence</subject><subject>Adolescents</subject><subject>Adults</subject><subject>Bioavailability</subject><subject>Brassica oleracea</subject><subject>Breast cancer</subject><subject>Calendars</subject><subject>Child development</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Cooking</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Interviews</subject><subject>Invasiveness</subject><subject>Metropolitan areas</subject><subject>Migrants</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Phytochemicals</subject><subject>Population</subject><subject>Recall</subject><subject>Response rates</subject><subject>Risk</subject><subject>Sauerkraut</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Vegetables</subject><subject>Womens health</subject><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><issn>1660-4601</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkU1v1DAQhi0EoqVw5mqJC5dQO5M49gVpWdFSqQjUUnG0JvHsrreJvbUTpB7630m7VQU9zYzeZ17NB2PvpfgEYMSx31LabaQuhRSNqV-wQ6mUKCol5Mt_8gP2JuetEKArZV6zA6iULutKHLK7JbYtroljcPwSJ0rXCaeRL2PI07AbfQzcB75wsafcUej25MJN_biJ0T1UXxJhnntwlhO_8Pma4xDDml9dFheUvaMw8p-x93nDv_t1wrn8HQcKb9mrFfaZ3j3GI3Z18vXX8ltx_uP0bLk4LzoweixajU1jgFbOkNTk0BiJCql1TmjoRNUo0LqppSNTitKRkiVQo3S1apUrGzhin_e-u6kdyM17jAl7u0t-wHRrI3r7vxL8xq7jH6trqFVdzgYfHw1SvJkoj3bw8zn6HgPFKduy1lWjwZh79MMzdBunFOb1HijQUAPM1PGe6lLMOdHqaRgp7P1r7bPXwl-yPpgq</recordid><startdate>20211014</startdate><enddate>20211014</enddate><creator>Pathak, Dorothy Rybaczyk</creator><creator>Stein, Aryeh D.</creator><creator>He, Jian-Ping</creator><creator>Noel, Mary M.</creator><creator>Hembroff, Larry</creator><creator>Nelson, Dorothy A.</creator><creator>Vigneau, Fawn</creator><creator>Shen, Tiefu</creator><creator>Scott, Laura J.</creator><creator>Charzewska, Jadwiga</creator><creator>Wajszczyk, Bożena</creator><creator>Clark, Karen</creator><creator>Rybaczyk, Leszek A.</creator><creator>Pathak, Bogdan A.</creator><creator>Błaszczyk, Dorota</creator><creator>Bankowski, Ann</creator><creator>Willett, Walter C.</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5318-3985</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1138-6458</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9108-3080</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5474-9282</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211014</creationdate><title>Cabbage and Sauerkraut Consumption in Adolescence and Adulthood and Breast Cancer Risk among US-Resident Polish Migrant Women</title><author>Pathak, Dorothy Rybaczyk ; Stein, Aryeh D. ; He, Jian-Ping ; Noel, Mary M. ; Hembroff, Larry ; Nelson, Dorothy A. ; Vigneau, Fawn ; Shen, Tiefu ; Scott, Laura J. ; Charzewska, Jadwiga ; Wajszczyk, Bożena ; Clark, Karen ; Rybaczyk, Leszek A. ; Pathak, Bogdan A. ; Błaszczyk, Dorota ; Bankowski, Ann ; Willett, Walter C.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c398t-b8a7793efd9e18eda991a6aebdd083c0476388751de9202de6123e7684fb6d273</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Adolescence</topic><topic>Adolescents</topic><topic>Adults</topic><topic>Bioavailability</topic><topic>Brassica oleracea</topic><topic>Breast cancer</topic><topic>Calendars</topic><topic>Child development</topic><topic>Confidence intervals</topic><topic>Cooking</topic><topic>Diet</topic><topic>Food</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>Interviews</topic><topic>Invasiveness</topic><topic>Metropolitan areas</topic><topic>Migrants</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Phytochemicals</topic><topic>Population</topic><topic>Recall</topic><topic>Response rates</topic><topic>Risk</topic><topic>Sauerkraut</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Vegetables</topic><topic>Womens health</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Pathak, Dorothy Rybaczyk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stein, Aryeh D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>He, Jian-Ping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Noel, Mary M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hembroff, Larry</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nelson, Dorothy A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vigneau, Fawn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shen, Tiefu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scott, Laura J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Charzewska, Jadwiga</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wajszczyk, Bożena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Clark, Karen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rybaczyk, Leszek A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pathak, Bogdan A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Błaszczyk, Dorota</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bankowski, Ann</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Willett, Walter C.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Access via ProQuest (Open Access)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>International journal of environmental research and public health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Pathak, Dorothy Rybaczyk</au><au>Stein, Aryeh D.</au><au>He, Jian-Ping</au><au>Noel, Mary M.</au><au>Hembroff, Larry</au><au>Nelson, Dorothy A.</au><au>Vigneau, Fawn</au><au>Shen, Tiefu</au><au>Scott, Laura J.</au><au>Charzewska, Jadwiga</au><au>Wajszczyk, Bożena</au><au>Clark, Karen</au><au>Rybaczyk, Leszek A.</au><au>Pathak, Bogdan A.</au><au>Błaszczyk, Dorota</au><au>Bankowski, Ann</au><au>Willett, Walter C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Cabbage and Sauerkraut Consumption in Adolescence and Adulthood and Breast Cancer Risk among US-Resident Polish Migrant Women</atitle><jtitle>International journal of environmental research and public health</jtitle><date>2021-10-14</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>18</volume><issue>20</issue><spage>10795</spage><pages>10795-</pages><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><eissn>1660-4601</eissn><abstract>Background: Breast cancer (BC) incidence and mortality are lower in Poland than in the United States (US). However, Polish-born migrant women to US approach the higher BC mortality rates of US women. We evaluated the association between consumption of cabbage/sauerkraut foods and BC risk in Polish-born migrants to US. Methods: We conducted a case–control study of BC among Polish-born migrants in Cook County and the Detroit Metropolitan Area. Cases (n = 131) were 20–79 years old with histological/cytological confirmation of invasive BC. Population-based controls (n = 284) were frequency matched to cases on age and residence. Food frequency questionnaires assessed diet during adulthood and age 12–13 years. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated with conditional logistic regression. Consumption of total, raw/short-cooked, and long-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods was categorized as low, medium, or high (frequency of servings/week). Results: Higher consumption of total and raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods, during both adolescence and adulthood, was associated with a significantly lower BC risk. Consumption of long-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods was low and not significantly associated with risk. The multivariate OR for total cabbage/sauerkraut consumption, high vs. low (>4 vs. ≤2 servings/week) during adolescence was 0.36 (95% CI = 0.18–0.71, ptrend < 0.01) and 0.50 (95% CI = 0.23–1.06, ptrend = 0.08) during adulthood. For raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut (>3 vs. ≤1.5 servings/week), the ORs were 0.35 (95% CI = 0.16–0.72, ptrend < 0.01) during adolescence and 0.37 (95% CI = 0.17–0.78, ptrend < 0.01) during adulthood. For joint adolescent/adult consumption of raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods, (high, high) vs. (low, low), the OR was 0.23 (95% CI = 0.07–0.65). The significant association for high adolescent consumption of raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods and reduced BC risk was consistent across all levels of consumption in adulthood. Conclusion: Greater consumption of total and raw/short-cooked cabbage/sauerkraut foods either during adolescence or adulthood was associated with significantly reduced BC risk among Polish migrant women. These findings contribute to the growing literature suggesting a protective effect of a potentially modifiable factor, cruciferous vegetable intake, on breast cancer risk.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>34682540</pmid><doi>10.3390/ijerph182010795</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5318-3985</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1138-6458</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9108-3080</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5474-9282</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Adolescence Adolescents Adults Bioavailability Brassica oleracea Breast cancer Calendars Child development Confidence intervals Cooking Diet Food Health risks Interviews Invasiveness Metropolitan areas Migrants Mortality Phytochemicals Population Recall Response rates Risk Sauerkraut Statistical analysis Vegetables Womens health |
title | Cabbage and Sauerkraut Consumption in Adolescence and Adulthood and Breast Cancer Risk among US-Resident Polish Migrant Women |
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