Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Summative Review of Biomarkers and Targeted Therapies
Although rare, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common primary hepatic malignancy and the incidence of ICC has increased 14% per year in recent decades. Treatment of ICC remains difficult as most people present with advanced disease not amenable to curative-intent surgical re...
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description | Although rare, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common primary hepatic malignancy and the incidence of ICC has increased 14% per year in recent decades. Treatment of ICC remains difficult as most people present with advanced disease not amenable to curative-intent surgical resection. Even among patients with operable disease, margin-negative surgical resection can be difficult to achieve and the incidence of recurrence remains high. As such, there has been considerable interest in systemic chemotherapy and targeted therapy for ICC. Over the last decade, the understanding of the molecular and genetic foundations of ICC has reshaped treatment approaches and strategies. Next-generation sequencing has revealed that most ICC tumors have at least one targetable mutation. These advancements have led to multiple clinical trials to examine the safety and efficacy of novel therapeutics that target tumor-specific molecular and genetic aberrations. While these advancements have demonstrated survival benefit in early phase clinical trials, continued investigation in randomized larger-scale trials is needed to further define the potential clinical impact of such therapy. |
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Treatment of ICC remains difficult as most people present with advanced disease not amenable to curative-intent surgical resection. Even among patients with operable disease, margin-negative surgical resection can be difficult to achieve and the incidence of recurrence remains high. As such, there has been considerable interest in systemic chemotherapy and targeted therapy for ICC. Over the last decade, the understanding of the molecular and genetic foundations of ICC has reshaped treatment approaches and strategies. Next-generation sequencing has revealed that most ICC tumors have at least one targetable mutation. These advancements have led to multiple clinical trials to examine the safety and efficacy of novel therapeutics that target tumor-specific molecular and genetic aberrations. While these advancements have demonstrated survival benefit in early phase clinical trials, continued investigation in randomized larger-scale trials is needed to further define the potential clinical impact of such therapy.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2072-6694</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2072-6694</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205169</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34680318</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Apoptosis ; Cancer therapies ; Chemotherapy ; Cholangiocarcinoma ; Cholangitis ; Clinical trials ; Cytokines ; Epidermal growth factor ; Gene expression ; Hepatitis ; Infections ; Inflammation ; Kinases ; Liver diseases ; Lymphatic system ; Malignancy ; Medical prognosis ; Metastasis ; Mutation ; Next-generation sequencing ; Pathogenesis ; Patients ; Review ; Stem cells ; Tumors</subject><ispartof>Cancers, 2021-10, Vol.13 (20), p.5169</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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Treatment of ICC remains difficult as most people present with advanced disease not amenable to curative-intent surgical resection. Even among patients with operable disease, margin-negative surgical resection can be difficult to achieve and the incidence of recurrence remains high. As such, there has been considerable interest in systemic chemotherapy and targeted therapy for ICC. Over the last decade, the understanding of the molecular and genetic foundations of ICC has reshaped treatment approaches and strategies. Next-generation sequencing has revealed that most ICC tumors have at least one targetable mutation. These advancements have led to multiple clinical trials to examine the safety and efficacy of novel therapeutics that target tumor-specific molecular and genetic aberrations. While these advancements have demonstrated survival benefit in early phase clinical trials, continued investigation in randomized larger-scale trials is needed to further define the potential clinical impact of such therapy.</description><subject>Apoptosis</subject><subject>Cancer therapies</subject><subject>Chemotherapy</subject><subject>Cholangiocarcinoma</subject><subject>Cholangitis</subject><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Cytokines</subject><subject>Epidermal growth factor</subject><subject>Gene expression</subject><subject>Hepatitis</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Kinases</subject><subject>Liver diseases</subject><subject>Lymphatic system</subject><subject>Malignancy</subject><subject>Medical prognosis</subject><subject>Metastasis</subject><subject>Mutation</subject><subject>Next-generation sequencing</subject><subject>Pathogenesis</subject><subject>Patients</subject><subject>Review</subject><subject>Stem cells</subject><subject>Tumors</subject><issn>2072-6694</issn><issn>2072-6694</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkc9LwzAUx4MobsydvRa8eJlrmjZpPQhz-GMwEHSCt5Amr2tm28yknfjfm7khulzeg--Hb77vPYTOcXhFSBaOpWgkWIdJFCaYZkeoH4UsGlGaxcd_-h4aOrcK_SMEM8pOUY_ENA0JTvvobda0VpSwFq2WwbQ0lWiW2khhpW5MLa6DSfDS1bWXNxA8w0bDZ2CK4FZ70b777wPRqGAh7BJa8E0JVqw1uDN0UojKwXBfB-j1_m4xfRzNnx5m08l8JEmWtiNSAMVRRiIqiZIUVOxzAzDFCoZDIWWsUpZ7SNFESqoUUJbmNE_iqCgYoWSAbna-6y6vQUnYzlPxtdU-3xc3QvP_SqNLvjQbniZ-iZh4g8u9gTUfHbiW19pJqPwiwHSOR0kas4ziLPPoxQG6Mp1t_Hg_FIlxlCSeGu8oaY1zForfMDjk28Pxg8ORbxKDjQ0</recordid><startdate>20211015</startdate><enddate>20211015</enddate><creator>Acher, Alexandra W.</creator><creator>Paro, Alessandro</creator><creator>Elfadaly, Ahmed</creator><creator>Tsilimigras, Diamantis</creator><creator>Pawlik, Timothy M.</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TO</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9314-8095</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211015</creationdate><title>Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Summative Review of Biomarkers and Targeted Therapies</title><author>Acher, Alexandra W. ; 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subjects | Apoptosis Cancer therapies Chemotherapy Cholangiocarcinoma Cholangitis Clinical trials Cytokines Epidermal growth factor Gene expression Hepatitis Infections Inflammation Kinases Liver diseases Lymphatic system Malignancy Medical prognosis Metastasis Mutation Next-generation sequencing Pathogenesis Patients Review Stem cells Tumors |
title | Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Summative Review of Biomarkers and Targeted Therapies |
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