Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding
Background To successfully initiate and maintain breastfeeding for a longer duration, the World Health Organization's Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding recommends total avoidance of artificial teats or pacifiers for breastfeeding infants. Concerns have been raised that offering the pacifier...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2016-08, Vol.2016 (8), p.CD007202 |
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| creator | Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah Ho, Jacqueline J Jahanfar, Shayesteh Angolkar, Mubashir Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah |
| description | Background
To successfully initiate and maintain breastfeeding for a longer duration, the World Health Organization's Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding recommends total avoidance of artificial teats or pacifiers for breastfeeding infants. Concerns have been raised that offering the pacifier instead of the breast to calm the infant may lead to less frequent episodes of breastfeeding and as a consequence may reduce breast‐milk production and shorten duration of breastfeeding.
Objectives
To assess the effect of restricted versus unrestricted pacifier use in healthy full‐term newborns whose mothers have initiated breastfeeding and intend to exclusively breastfeed, on the duration of breastfeeding, other breastfeeding outcomes and infant health.
Search methods
We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 June 2016) and reference lists of retrieved studies.
Selection criteria
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing restricted versus unrestricted pacifier use in healthy full‐term newborns who have initiated breastfeeding.
Data collection and analysis
Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias, extracted data and checked them for accuracy. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.
Main results
We found three trials (involving 1915 babies) for inclusion in the review, but have included only two trials (involving 1302 healthy full‐term breastfeeding infants) in the analysis. Meta‐analysis of the two combined studies showed that pacifier use in healthy breastfeeding infants had no significant effect on the proportion of infants exclusively breastfed at three months (risk ratio (RR) 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96 to 1.07, two studies, 1228 infants), and at four months of age (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.94 to 1.09, one study, 970 infants, moderate‐quality evidence), and also had no effect on the proportion of infants partially breastfed at three months (RR 1.00; 95% CI 0.98 to 1.02, two studies, 1228 infants), and at four months of age (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.97 to 1.02, one study, 970 infants). None of the included trials reported data on the other primary outcomes, i.e. duration of partial or exclusive breastfeeding, or secondary outcomes: breastfeeding difficulties (mastitis, cracked nipples, breast engorgement); infant's health (dental malocclusion, otitis media, oral candidiasis; sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)); maternal satisfaction and level of |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/14651858.CD007202.pub4 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8520760</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>1816629462</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5264-2297fbbfc056c8d6c2f031e00099ec8e7a5328b5c12297fc37b6d707d43439373</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFUU1v1DAUtBCIfsBfqHLkssuzk9iJhJBgWwpSJS5wtpyX565RNl5sB9R_X6fbrbrtoSc_eebNG80wdsZhyQHER17Jmjd1s1ydAygBYrmduuoVO56BxYy8fjQfsZMY_wCUshXqLTsSqlairapjtr6wljAV3haBYgoOE_XF1qCzjkIxRSrcWHSBTEyWqHfjdZEobPKvNWOKhfUhzzgTZqyfgknOj7PgwdY79saaIdL7-_eU_f528Wv1fXH18_LH6svVAmshq4UQrbJdZxFqiU0vUVgoOQFA2xI2pExdiqarkd8xsVSd7BWoviqrsi1Veco-73RzHhvqkcYUzKC3wW1MuNHeOH2IjG6tr_0_3dQClIQs8OFeIPi_U85Eb1xEGgYzkp-i5g2XMocnRabKHRWDjzGQfTjDQc816X1Nel_TfLzKi2ePTT6s7XvJhE9PlNGlu2CzZzc818f-UP_rbv2_G-hGo8d1yPZfsPXE5C0wZ7hQ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1816629462</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><source>Cochrane Library</source><creator>Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah ; Ho, Jacqueline J ; Jahanfar, Shayesteh ; Angolkar, Mubashir ; Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah</creator><creatorcontrib>Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah ; Ho, Jacqueline J ; Jahanfar, Shayesteh ; Angolkar, Mubashir ; Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah</creatorcontrib><description>Background
To successfully initiate and maintain breastfeeding for a longer duration, the World Health Organization's Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding recommends total avoidance of artificial teats or pacifiers for breastfeeding infants. Concerns have been raised that offering the pacifier instead of the breast to calm the infant may lead to less frequent episodes of breastfeeding and as a consequence may reduce breast‐milk production and shorten duration of breastfeeding.
Objectives
To assess the effect of restricted versus unrestricted pacifier use in healthy full‐term newborns whose mothers have initiated breastfeeding and intend to exclusively breastfeed, on the duration of breastfeeding, other breastfeeding outcomes and infant health.
Search methods
We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 June 2016) and reference lists of retrieved studies.
Selection criteria
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing restricted versus unrestricted pacifier use in healthy full‐term newborns who have initiated breastfeeding.
Data collection and analysis
Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias, extracted data and checked them for accuracy. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.
Main results
We found three trials (involving 1915 babies) for inclusion in the review, but have included only two trials (involving 1302 healthy full‐term breastfeeding infants) in the analysis. Meta‐analysis of the two combined studies showed that pacifier use in healthy breastfeeding infants had no significant effect on the proportion of infants exclusively breastfed at three months (risk ratio (RR) 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96 to 1.07, two studies, 1228 infants), and at four months of age (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.94 to 1.09, one study, 970 infants, moderate‐quality evidence), and also had no effect on the proportion of infants partially breastfed at three months (RR 1.00; 95% CI 0.98 to 1.02, two studies, 1228 infants), and at four months of age (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.97 to 1.02, one study, 970 infants). None of the included trials reported data on the other primary outcomes, i.e. duration of partial or exclusive breastfeeding, or secondary outcomes: breastfeeding difficulties (mastitis, cracked nipples, breast engorgement); infant's health (dental malocclusion, otitis media, oral candidiasis; sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)); maternal satisfaction and level of confidence in parenting. One study reported that avoidance of pacifiers had no effect on cry/fuss behavior at ages four, six, or nine weeks and also reported no effect on the risk of weaning before age three months, however the data were incomplete and so could not be included for analysis.
Authors' conclusions
Pacifier use in healthy term breastfeeding infants, started from birth or after lactation is established, did not significantly affect the prevalence or duration of exclusive and partial breastfeeding up to four months of age. Evidence to assess the short‐term breastfeeding difficulties faced by mothers and long‐term effect of pacifiers on infants' health is lacking.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1465-1858</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1469-493X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1465-1858</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1469-493X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007202.pub4</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27572944</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</publisher><subject>Breast Feeding ; Breast Feeding - psychology ; Breast Feeding - statistics & numerical data ; Child health ; Duration of breast feeding ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Lactation ; Medicine General & Introductory Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous ; Motivation ; Pacifiers ; Pacifiers - adverse effects ; Pacifiers - statistics & numerical data ; Pregnancy & childbirth ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Time Factors</subject><ispartof>Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2016-08, Vol.2016 (8), p.CD007202</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2016 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5264-2297fbbfc056c8d6c2f031e00099ec8e7a5328b5c12297fc37b6d707d43439373</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5264-2297fbbfc056c8d6c2f031e00099ec8e7a5328b5c12297fc37b6d707d43439373</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27572944$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ho, Jacqueline J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jahanfar, Shayesteh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Angolkar, Mubashir</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding</title><title>Cochrane database of systematic reviews</title><addtitle>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</addtitle><description>Background
To successfully initiate and maintain breastfeeding for a longer duration, the World Health Organization's Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding recommends total avoidance of artificial teats or pacifiers for breastfeeding infants. Concerns have been raised that offering the pacifier instead of the breast to calm the infant may lead to less frequent episodes of breastfeeding and as a consequence may reduce breast‐milk production and shorten duration of breastfeeding.
Objectives
To assess the effect of restricted versus unrestricted pacifier use in healthy full‐term newborns whose mothers have initiated breastfeeding and intend to exclusively breastfeed, on the duration of breastfeeding, other breastfeeding outcomes and infant health.
Search methods
We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 June 2016) and reference lists of retrieved studies.
Selection criteria
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing restricted versus unrestricted pacifier use in healthy full‐term newborns who have initiated breastfeeding.
Data collection and analysis
Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias, extracted data and checked them for accuracy. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.
Main results
We found three trials (involving 1915 babies) for inclusion in the review, but have included only two trials (involving 1302 healthy full‐term breastfeeding infants) in the analysis. Meta‐analysis of the two combined studies showed that pacifier use in healthy breastfeeding infants had no significant effect on the proportion of infants exclusively breastfed at three months (risk ratio (RR) 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96 to 1.07, two studies, 1228 infants), and at four months of age (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.94 to 1.09, one study, 970 infants, moderate‐quality evidence), and also had no effect on the proportion of infants partially breastfed at three months (RR 1.00; 95% CI 0.98 to 1.02, two studies, 1228 infants), and at four months of age (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.97 to 1.02, one study, 970 infants). None of the included trials reported data on the other primary outcomes, i.e. duration of partial or exclusive breastfeeding, or secondary outcomes: breastfeeding difficulties (mastitis, cracked nipples, breast engorgement); infant's health (dental malocclusion, otitis media, oral candidiasis; sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)); maternal satisfaction and level of confidence in parenting. One study reported that avoidance of pacifiers had no effect on cry/fuss behavior at ages four, six, or nine weeks and also reported no effect on the risk of weaning before age three months, however the data were incomplete and so could not be included for analysis.
Authors' conclusions
Pacifier use in healthy term breastfeeding infants, started from birth or after lactation is established, did not significantly affect the prevalence or duration of exclusive and partial breastfeeding up to four months of age. Evidence to assess the short‐term breastfeeding difficulties faced by mothers and long‐term effect of pacifiers on infants' health is lacking.</description><subject>Breast Feeding</subject><subject>Breast Feeding - psychology</subject><subject>Breast Feeding - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Child health</subject><subject>Duration of breast feeding</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn</subject><subject>Lactation</subject><subject>Medicine General & Introductory Medical Sciences</subject><subject>Miscellaneous</subject><subject>Motivation</subject><subject>Pacifiers</subject><subject>Pacifiers - adverse effects</subject><subject>Pacifiers - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Pregnancy & childbirth</subject><subject>Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><issn>1465-1858</issn><issn>1469-493X</issn><issn>1465-1858</issn><issn>1469-493X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>RWY</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFUU1v1DAUtBCIfsBfqHLkssuzk9iJhJBgWwpSJS5wtpyX565RNl5sB9R_X6fbrbrtoSc_eebNG80wdsZhyQHER17Jmjd1s1ydAygBYrmduuoVO56BxYy8fjQfsZMY_wCUshXqLTsSqlairapjtr6wljAV3haBYgoOE_XF1qCzjkIxRSrcWHSBTEyWqHfjdZEobPKvNWOKhfUhzzgTZqyfgknOj7PgwdY79saaIdL7-_eU_f528Wv1fXH18_LH6svVAmshq4UQrbJdZxFqiU0vUVgoOQFA2xI2pExdiqarkd8xsVSd7BWoviqrsi1Veco-73RzHhvqkcYUzKC3wW1MuNHeOH2IjG6tr_0_3dQClIQs8OFeIPi_U85Eb1xEGgYzkp-i5g2XMocnRabKHRWDjzGQfTjDQc816X1Nel_TfLzKi2ePTT6s7XvJhE9PlNGlu2CzZzc818f-UP_rbv2_G-hGo8d1yPZfsPXE5C0wZ7hQ</recordid><startdate>20160830</startdate><enddate>20160830</enddate><creator>Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah</creator><creator>Ho, Jacqueline J</creator><creator>Jahanfar, Shayesteh</creator><creator>Angolkar, Mubashir</creator><creator>Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</general><scope>7PX</scope><scope>RWY</scope><scope>ZYTZH</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20160830</creationdate><title>Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding</title><author>Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah ; Ho, Jacqueline J ; Jahanfar, Shayesteh ; Angolkar, Mubashir ; Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5264-2297fbbfc056c8d6c2f031e00099ec8e7a5328b5c12297fc37b6d707d43439373</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Breast Feeding</topic><topic>Breast Feeding - psychology</topic><topic>Breast Feeding - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Child health</topic><topic>Duration of breast feeding</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infant</topic><topic>Infant, Newborn</topic><topic>Lactation</topic><topic>Medicine General & Introductory Medical Sciences</topic><topic>Miscellaneous</topic><topic>Motivation</topic><topic>Pacifiers</topic><topic>Pacifiers - adverse effects</topic><topic>Pacifiers - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Pregnancy & childbirth</topic><topic>Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</topic><topic>Time Factors</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ho, Jacqueline J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jahanfar, Shayesteh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Angolkar, Mubashir</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley-Blackwell Cochrane Library</collection><collection>Cochrane Library</collection><collection>Cochrane Library (Open Aceess)</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Cochrane database of systematic reviews</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah</au><au>Ho, Jacqueline J</au><au>Jahanfar, Shayesteh</au><au>Angolkar, Mubashir</au><au>Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding</atitle><jtitle>Cochrane database of systematic reviews</jtitle><addtitle>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</addtitle><date>2016-08-30</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>2016</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>CD007202</spage><pages>CD007202-</pages><issn>1465-1858</issn><issn>1469-493X</issn><eissn>1465-1858</eissn><eissn>1469-493X</eissn><abstract>Background
To successfully initiate and maintain breastfeeding for a longer duration, the World Health Organization's Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding recommends total avoidance of artificial teats or pacifiers for breastfeeding infants. Concerns have been raised that offering the pacifier instead of the breast to calm the infant may lead to less frequent episodes of breastfeeding and as a consequence may reduce breast‐milk production and shorten duration of breastfeeding.
Objectives
To assess the effect of restricted versus unrestricted pacifier use in healthy full‐term newborns whose mothers have initiated breastfeeding and intend to exclusively breastfeed, on the duration of breastfeeding, other breastfeeding outcomes and infant health.
Search methods
We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 June 2016) and reference lists of retrieved studies.
Selection criteria
Randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials comparing restricted versus unrestricted pacifier use in healthy full‐term newborns who have initiated breastfeeding.
Data collection and analysis
Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias, extracted data and checked them for accuracy. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.
Main results
We found three trials (involving 1915 babies) for inclusion in the review, but have included only two trials (involving 1302 healthy full‐term breastfeeding infants) in the analysis. Meta‐analysis of the two combined studies showed that pacifier use in healthy breastfeeding infants had no significant effect on the proportion of infants exclusively breastfed at three months (risk ratio (RR) 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96 to 1.07, two studies, 1228 infants), and at four months of age (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.94 to 1.09, one study, 970 infants, moderate‐quality evidence), and also had no effect on the proportion of infants partially breastfed at three months (RR 1.00; 95% CI 0.98 to 1.02, two studies, 1228 infants), and at four months of age (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.97 to 1.02, one study, 970 infants). None of the included trials reported data on the other primary outcomes, i.e. duration of partial or exclusive breastfeeding, or secondary outcomes: breastfeeding difficulties (mastitis, cracked nipples, breast engorgement); infant's health (dental malocclusion, otitis media, oral candidiasis; sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)); maternal satisfaction and level of confidence in parenting. One study reported that avoidance of pacifiers had no effect on cry/fuss behavior at ages four, six, or nine weeks and also reported no effect on the risk of weaning before age three months, however the data were incomplete and so could not be included for analysis.
Authors' conclusions
Pacifier use in healthy term breastfeeding infants, started from birth or after lactation is established, did not significantly affect the prevalence or duration of exclusive and partial breastfeeding up to four months of age. Evidence to assess the short‐term breastfeeding difficulties faced by mothers and long‐term effect of pacifiers on infants' health is lacking.</abstract><cop>Chichester, UK</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</pub><pmid>27572944</pmid><doi>10.1002/14651858.CD007202.pub4</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1465-1858 |
| ispartof | Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2016-08, Vol.2016 (8), p.CD007202 |
| issn | 1465-1858 1469-493X 1465-1858 1469-493X |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8520760 |
| source | MEDLINE; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection; Cochrane Library |
| subjects | Breast Feeding Breast Feeding - psychology Breast Feeding - statistics & numerical data Child health Duration of breast feeding Female Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Lactation Medicine General & Introductory Medical Sciences Miscellaneous Motivation Pacifiers Pacifiers - adverse effects Pacifiers - statistics & numerical data Pregnancy & childbirth Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Time Factors |
| title | Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding |
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