Age and Cultural Differences in Recognitions of Emotions from Masked Faces among Koreans and Americans
This study investigates age and cultural differences in the negative effects of senders' wearing masks on receivers' readabilities of senders' facially expressed emotions in interpersonal interactions. An online experiment was thus conducted with Koreans and Americans aged over 20 yea...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of environmental research and public health 2021-10, Vol.18 (19), p.10555, Article 10555 |
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| creator | Kang, Jungsuk Kang, Seonwoo Jeong, Eunbyeol Kim, Eun-Ho |
| description | This study investigates age and cultural differences in the negative effects of senders' wearing masks on receivers' readabilities of senders' facially expressed emotions in interpersonal interactions. An online experiment was thus conducted with Koreans and Americans aged over 20 years. Based on sampling quotas by nationality, age group and gender, Korean (n = 240) and American (n = 273) participants were recruited from panel members of a Korean research company and Amazon's Mechanical Turk via email and the website, respectively. The participants played receiver roles to infer senders' facially expressed emotions presented in photos in the experiment. They judged emotions facially expressed by the senders without masks and with masks are shown in photos. The results revealed that the senders' wearing masks reduced the readabilities of the senders' facially expressed anger among participants aged 30-49 years more than among participants aged 20-29 years. The senders' wearing masks decreased the readabilities of the senders' facially expressed fear for participants in their 50's more than for participants in their 20's. When the senders wore masks, the readabilities of the senders' facially expressed happiness dropped among participants aged over 60 years more than among participants aged 20-49 years. When senders wore masks, American participants' readabilities of disgust, fear, sadness and happiness expressed in the senders' faces declined more than Korean participants' readabilities of those emotions. The implications and limitations of these findings are discussed. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijerph181910555 |
| format | Article |
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An online experiment was thus conducted with Koreans and Americans aged over 20 years. Based on sampling quotas by nationality, age group and gender, Korean (n = 240) and American (n = 273) participants were recruited from panel members of a Korean research company and Amazon's Mechanical Turk via email and the website, respectively. The participants played receiver roles to infer senders' facially expressed emotions presented in photos in the experiment. They judged emotions facially expressed by the senders without masks and with masks are shown in photos. The results revealed that the senders' wearing masks reduced the readabilities of the senders' facially expressed anger among participants aged 30-49 years more than among participants aged 20-29 years. The senders' wearing masks decreased the readabilities of the senders' facially expressed fear for participants in their 50's more than for participants in their 20's. When the senders wore masks, the readabilities of the senders' facially expressed happiness dropped among participants aged over 60 years more than among participants aged 20-49 years. When senders wore masks, American participants' readabilities of disgust, fear, sadness and happiness expressed in the senders' faces declined more than Korean participants' readabilities of those emotions. The implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-7827</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910555</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34639857</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>BASEL: Mdpi</publisher><subject>Accuracy ; Age ; Age differences ; Age groups ; Anger ; Asian cultural groups ; Collectivism ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 vaccines ; Cultural differences ; Cultural factors ; Culture ; Emotions ; Environmental Sciences ; Environmental Sciences & Ecology ; Fear ; Happiness ; Life Sciences & Biomedicine ; Masks ; Medical research ; Pandemics ; Personal relationships ; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health ; Quotas ; Science & Technology ; Social interaction ; Websites</subject><ispartof>International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021-10, Vol.18 (19), p.10555, Article 10555</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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An online experiment was thus conducted with Koreans and Americans aged over 20 years. Based on sampling quotas by nationality, age group and gender, Korean (n = 240) and American (n = 273) participants were recruited from panel members of a Korean research company and Amazon's Mechanical Turk via email and the website, respectively. The participants played receiver roles to infer senders' facially expressed emotions presented in photos in the experiment. They judged emotions facially expressed by the senders without masks and with masks are shown in photos. The results revealed that the senders' wearing masks reduced the readabilities of the senders' facially expressed anger among participants aged 30-49 years more than among participants aged 20-29 years. The senders' wearing masks decreased the readabilities of the senders' facially expressed fear for participants in their 50's more than for participants in their 20's. When the senders wore masks, the readabilities of the senders' facially expressed happiness dropped among participants aged over 60 years more than among participants aged 20-49 years. When senders wore masks, American participants' readabilities of disgust, fear, sadness and happiness expressed in the senders' faces declined more than Korean participants' readabilities of those emotions. The implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.</description><subject>Accuracy</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Age differences</subject><subject>Age groups</subject><subject>Anger</subject><subject>Asian cultural groups</subject><subject>Collectivism</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19 vaccines</subject><subject>Cultural differences</subject><subject>Cultural factors</subject><subject>Culture</subject><subject>Emotions</subject><subject>Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Environmental Sciences & Ecology</subject><subject>Fear</subject><subject>Happiness</subject><subject>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</subject><subject>Masks</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Personal relationships</subject><subject>Public, Environmental & Occupational Health</subject><subject>Quotas</subject><subject>Science & Technology</subject><subject>Social interaction</subject><subject>Websites</subject><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><issn>1660-4601</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>GIZIO</sourceid><sourceid>HGBXW</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>BHHNA</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNqNUU2LFDEUbERx19Wz14AXQcZ9MR-dXIShd1fFFUH0HNLpl9mM3cmYdCv-e9PMsuiezCUVXlVRL9U0zym8ZkzDedhjPtxQRTUFIcSD5pRKCRsugT78C580T0rZAzDFpX7cnDAumVaiPW38dofExoF0yzgv2Y7kIniPGaPDQkIkX9ClXQxzSLGQ5MnllI7Y5zSRT7Z8x4Fc2ZVtpxR35GPKaOt8Nd1OmIOrr6fNI2_Hgs9u77Pm29Xl1-795vrzuw_d9nrjap554wQHKzU67ZWgnLWOec48WIttLxRIGAYtWGs9OKmQc08518L2Q0t7Lxk7a94efQ9LP-HgMM51J3PIYbL5t0k2mH8nMdyYXfpplIC2nmrw8tYgpx8LltlMoTgcRxsxLcW8Ear-NqVMV-qLe9R9WnKs660s0NVOrYnOjyyXUykZ_V0YCmbt0NzrsCrUUfEL--SLC2sXdyoAUBSAKlYR0C7Mdu2jS0ucq_TV_0vZH4vqsEI</recordid><startdate>20211008</startdate><enddate>20211008</enddate><creator>Kang, Jungsuk</creator><creator>Kang, Seonwoo</creator><creator>Jeong, Eunbyeol</creator><creator>Kim, Eun-Ho</creator><general>Mdpi</general><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>17B</scope><scope>BLEPL</scope><scope>DTL</scope><scope>DVR</scope><scope>EGQ</scope><scope>GIZIO</scope><scope>HGBXW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7U4</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHHNA</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>COVID</scope><scope>DWI</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>WZK</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0057-5552</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211008</creationdate><title>Age and Cultural Differences in Recognitions of Emotions from Masked Faces among Koreans and Americans</title><author>Kang, Jungsuk ; 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When the senders wore masks, the readabilities of the senders' facially expressed happiness dropped among participants aged over 60 years more than among participants aged 20-49 years. When senders wore masks, American participants' readabilities of disgust, fear, sadness and happiness expressed in the senders' faces declined more than Korean participants' readabilities of those emotions. The implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.</abstract><cop>BASEL</cop><pub>Mdpi</pub><pmid>34639857</pmid><doi>10.3390/ijerph181910555</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0057-5552</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Accuracy Age Age differences Age groups Anger Asian cultural groups Collectivism Coronaviruses COVID-19 vaccines Cultural differences Cultural factors Culture Emotions Environmental Sciences Environmental Sciences & Ecology Fear Happiness Life Sciences & Biomedicine Masks Medical research Pandemics Personal relationships Public, Environmental & Occupational Health Quotas Science & Technology Social interaction Websites |
| title | Age and Cultural Differences in Recognitions of Emotions from Masked Faces among Koreans and Americans |
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