Characterization of Aerosol Generation During Various Intensities of Exercise
Characterization of aerosol generation during exercise can inform the development of safety recommendations in the face of COVID-19. Does exercise at various intensities produce aerosols in significant quantities? In this experimental study, subjects were eight healthy volunteers (six men, two women...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Chest 2021-10, Vol.160 (4), p.1377-1387 |
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| creator | Sajgalik, Pavol Garzona-Navas, Andres Csécs, Ibolya Askew, J. Wells Lopez-Jimenez, Francisco Niven, Alexander S. Johnson, Bruce D. Allison, Thomas G. |
| description | Characterization of aerosol generation during exercise can inform the development of safety recommendations in the face of COVID-19.
Does exercise at various intensities produce aerosols in significant quantities?
In this experimental study, subjects were eight healthy volunteers (six men, two women) who were 20 to 63 years old. The 20-minute test protocol of 5 minutes rest, four 3-minute stages of exercise at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of age-predicted heart rate reserve, and 3 minutes active recovery was performed in a clean, controlled environment. Aerosols were measured by four particle counters that were place to surround the subject.
Age averaged 41 ± 14 years. Peak heart rate was 173 ± 17 beat/min (97% predicted); peak maximal oxygen uptake was 33.9 ± 7.5 mL/kg/min; and peak respiratory exchange ratio was 1.22 ± 0.10. Maximal ventilation averaged 120 ± 23 L/min, while cumulative ventilation reached 990 ± 192 L. Concentrations increased exponentially from start to 20 minutes (geometric mean ± geometric SD particles/liter): Fluke >0.3 μm = 66 ± 1.8 → 1605 ± 3.8; 0.3-1.0 μm = 35 ± 2.2 → 1095 ± 4.6; Fluke 1.0-5.0 μm = 21 ± 2.0 → 358 ± 2.3; P-Trak anterior = 637 ± 2.3 → 5148 ± 3.0; P-Trak side = 708 ± 2.7 → 6844 ± 2.7; P-Track back = 519 ± 3.1 → 5853 ± 2.8. All increases were significant at a probability value of |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.chest.2021.04.041 |
| format | Article |
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Does exercise at various intensities produce aerosols in significant quantities?
In this experimental study, subjects were eight healthy volunteers (six men, two women) who were 20 to 63 years old. The 20-minute test protocol of 5 minutes rest, four 3-minute stages of exercise at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of age-predicted heart rate reserve, and 3 minutes active recovery was performed in a clean, controlled environment. Aerosols were measured by four particle counters that were place to surround the subject.
Age averaged 41 ± 14 years. Peak heart rate was 173 ± 17 beat/min (97% predicted); peak maximal oxygen uptake was 33.9 ± 7.5 mL/kg/min; and peak respiratory exchange ratio was 1.22 ± 0.10. Maximal ventilation averaged 120 ± 23 L/min, while cumulative ventilation reached 990 ± 192 L. Concentrations increased exponentially from start to 20 minutes (geometric mean ± geometric SD particles/liter): Fluke >0.3 μm = 66 ± 1.8 → 1605 ± 3.8; 0.3-1.0 μm = 35 ± 2.2 → 1095 ± 4.6; Fluke 1.0-5.0 μm = 21 ± 2.0 → 358 ± 2.3; P-Trak anterior = 637 ± 2.3 → 5148 ± 3.0; P-Trak side = 708 ± 2.7 → 6844 ± 2.7; P-Track back = 519 ± 3.1 → 5853 ± 2.8. All increases were significant at a probability value of <.05. Exercise at or above 50% of predicted heart rate reserve showed statistically significant increases in aerosol concentration.
Our data suggest exercise testing is an aerosol-generating procedure and, by extension, other activities that involve exercise intensities at or above 50% of predicted heart rate reserve. Results can guide recommendations for safety of exercise testing and other indoor exercise activities.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0012-3692</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1931-3543</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.04.041</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33957100</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Adult ; aerosol ; Aerosols - analysis ; COVID-19 - diagnosis ; COVID-19 - metabolism ; Education and Clinical Practice: Original Research ; exercise ; Exercise - physiology ; Exercise Test - methods ; exercise testing ; Exhalation - physiology ; Female ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Lung - metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Respiratory Function Tests - methods ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Chest, 2021-10, Vol.160 (4), p.1377-1387</ispartof><rights>2021 American College of Chest Physicians</rights><rights>Copyright © 2021 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>2021 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2021 American College of Chest Physicians</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c525t-1c03ae993eaa64fdb3cc3d2ac9560403c0d16edd8fdabff93843ed7a486be9ef3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c525t-1c03ae993eaa64fdb3cc3d2ac9560403c0d16edd8fdabff93843ed7a486be9ef3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33957100$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Sajgalik, Pavol</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Garzona-Navas, Andres</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Csécs, Ibolya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Askew, J. Wells</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lopez-Jimenez, Francisco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Niven, Alexander S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Johnson, Bruce D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Allison, Thomas G.</creatorcontrib><title>Characterization of Aerosol Generation During Various Intensities of Exercise</title><title>Chest</title><addtitle>Chest</addtitle><description>Characterization of aerosol generation during exercise can inform the development of safety recommendations in the face of COVID-19.
Does exercise at various intensities produce aerosols in significant quantities?
In this experimental study, subjects were eight healthy volunteers (six men, two women) who were 20 to 63 years old. The 20-minute test protocol of 5 minutes rest, four 3-minute stages of exercise at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of age-predicted heart rate reserve, and 3 minutes active recovery was performed in a clean, controlled environment. Aerosols were measured by four particle counters that were place to surround the subject.
Age averaged 41 ± 14 years. Peak heart rate was 173 ± 17 beat/min (97% predicted); peak maximal oxygen uptake was 33.9 ± 7.5 mL/kg/min; and peak respiratory exchange ratio was 1.22 ± 0.10. Maximal ventilation averaged 120 ± 23 L/min, while cumulative ventilation reached 990 ± 192 L. Concentrations increased exponentially from start to 20 minutes (geometric mean ± geometric SD particles/liter): Fluke >0.3 μm = 66 ± 1.8 → 1605 ± 3.8; 0.3-1.0 μm = 35 ± 2.2 → 1095 ± 4.6; Fluke 1.0-5.0 μm = 21 ± 2.0 → 358 ± 2.3; P-Trak anterior = 637 ± 2.3 → 5148 ± 3.0; P-Trak side = 708 ± 2.7 → 6844 ± 2.7; P-Track back = 519 ± 3.1 → 5853 ± 2.8. All increases were significant at a probability value of <.05. Exercise at or above 50% of predicted heart rate reserve showed statistically significant increases in aerosol concentration.
Our data suggest exercise testing is an aerosol-generating procedure and, by extension, other activities that involve exercise intensities at or above 50% of predicted heart rate reserve. Results can guide recommendations for safety of exercise testing and other indoor exercise activities.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>aerosol</subject><subject>Aerosols - analysis</subject><subject>COVID-19 - diagnosis</subject><subject>COVID-19 - metabolism</subject><subject>Education and Clinical Practice: Original Research</subject><subject>exercise</subject><subject>Exercise - physiology</subject><subject>Exercise Test - methods</subject><subject>exercise testing</subject><subject>Exhalation - physiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Healthy Volunteers</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Lung - metabolism</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Respiratory Function Tests - methods</subject><subject>SARS-CoV-2</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0012-3692</issn><issn>1931-3543</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9UU1rGzEQFaWhdtL-gkDYYy7rSjtarXVIwDhfBode2l6FLM3GMmvJkdYh6a-vHLshuRQGhDTvvdG8R8gpoyNGmfi-Gpklpn5U0YqNKM_FPpEhk8BKqDl8JkNKWVWCkNWAHKe0ovnOpPhCBgCybhilQ3I_XeqoTY_R_dG9C74IbTHBGFLoilv0GPevV9vo_EPxW0cXtqmY-R59cr3DtCNcP2M0LuFXctTqLuG3w3lCft1c_5zelfMft7PpZF6auqr7khkKGqUE1Frw1i7AGLCVNrIWlFMw1DKB1o5bqxdtK2HMAW2j-VgsUGILJ-Ryr7vZLtZoDfo-6k5tolvr-KKCdupjx7uleghPaswbEE2TBc4PAjE8brOLau2Swa7THvN-qqorDoIzJjIU9lCTTUkR27cxjKpdEGqlXoNQuyAU5blYZp29_-Eb55_zGXCxB2D26clhVMk49Aati2h6ZYP774C_b3md0w</recordid><startdate>20211001</startdate><enddate>20211001</enddate><creator>Sajgalik, Pavol</creator><creator>Garzona-Navas, Andres</creator><creator>Csécs, Ibolya</creator><creator>Askew, J. Wells</creator><creator>Lopez-Jimenez, Francisco</creator><creator>Niven, Alexander S.</creator><creator>Johnson, Bruce D.</creator><creator>Allison, Thomas G.</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><general>American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20211001</creationdate><title>Characterization of Aerosol Generation During Various Intensities of Exercise</title><author>Sajgalik, Pavol ; Garzona-Navas, Andres ; Csécs, Ibolya ; Askew, J. Wells ; Lopez-Jimenez, Francisco ; Niven, Alexander S. ; Johnson, Bruce D. ; Allison, Thomas G.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c525t-1c03ae993eaa64fdb3cc3d2ac9560403c0d16edd8fdabff93843ed7a486be9ef3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>aerosol</topic><topic>Aerosols - analysis</topic><topic>COVID-19 - diagnosis</topic><topic>COVID-19 - metabolism</topic><topic>Education and Clinical Practice: Original Research</topic><topic>exercise</topic><topic>Exercise - physiology</topic><topic>Exercise Test - methods</topic><topic>exercise testing</topic><topic>Exhalation - physiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Healthy Volunteers</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Lung - metabolism</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Respiratory Function Tests - methods</topic><topic>SARS-CoV-2</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Sajgalik, Pavol</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Garzona-Navas, Andres</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Csécs, Ibolya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Askew, J. Wells</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lopez-Jimenez, Francisco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Niven, Alexander S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Johnson, Bruce D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Allison, Thomas G.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Chest</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sajgalik, Pavol</au><au>Garzona-Navas, Andres</au><au>Csécs, Ibolya</au><au>Askew, J. Wells</au><au>Lopez-Jimenez, Francisco</au><au>Niven, Alexander S.</au><au>Johnson, Bruce D.</au><au>Allison, Thomas G.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Characterization of Aerosol Generation During Various Intensities of Exercise</atitle><jtitle>Chest</jtitle><addtitle>Chest</addtitle><date>2021-10-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>160</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>1377</spage><epage>1387</epage><pages>1377-1387</pages><issn>0012-3692</issn><eissn>1931-3543</eissn><abstract>Characterization of aerosol generation during exercise can inform the development of safety recommendations in the face of COVID-19.
Does exercise at various intensities produce aerosols in significant quantities?
In this experimental study, subjects were eight healthy volunteers (six men, two women) who were 20 to 63 years old. The 20-minute test protocol of 5 minutes rest, four 3-minute stages of exercise at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of age-predicted heart rate reserve, and 3 minutes active recovery was performed in a clean, controlled environment. Aerosols were measured by four particle counters that were place to surround the subject.
Age averaged 41 ± 14 years. Peak heart rate was 173 ± 17 beat/min (97% predicted); peak maximal oxygen uptake was 33.9 ± 7.5 mL/kg/min; and peak respiratory exchange ratio was 1.22 ± 0.10. Maximal ventilation averaged 120 ± 23 L/min, while cumulative ventilation reached 990 ± 192 L. Concentrations increased exponentially from start to 20 minutes (geometric mean ± geometric SD particles/liter): Fluke >0.3 μm = 66 ± 1.8 → 1605 ± 3.8; 0.3-1.0 μm = 35 ± 2.2 → 1095 ± 4.6; Fluke 1.0-5.0 μm = 21 ± 2.0 → 358 ± 2.3; P-Trak anterior = 637 ± 2.3 → 5148 ± 3.0; P-Trak side = 708 ± 2.7 → 6844 ± 2.7; P-Track back = 519 ± 3.1 → 5853 ± 2.8. All increases were significant at a probability value of <.05. Exercise at or above 50% of predicted heart rate reserve showed statistically significant increases in aerosol concentration.
Our data suggest exercise testing is an aerosol-generating procedure and, by extension, other activities that involve exercise intensities at or above 50% of predicted heart rate reserve. Results can guide recommendations for safety of exercise testing and other indoor exercise activities.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>33957100</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.chest.2021.04.041</doi><tpages>11</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adult aerosol Aerosols - analysis COVID-19 - diagnosis COVID-19 - metabolism Education and Clinical Practice: Original Research exercise Exercise - physiology Exercise Test - methods exercise testing Exhalation - physiology Female Healthy Volunteers Humans Lung - metabolism Male Middle Aged Respiratory Function Tests - methods SARS-CoV-2 Young Adult |
| title | Characterization of Aerosol Generation During Various Intensities of Exercise |
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