Materials Engineering of Violin Soundboards by Stradivari and Guarneri
We investigated the material properties of Cremonese soundboards using a wide range of spectroscopic, microscopic, and chemical techniques. We found similar types of spruce in Cremonese soundboards as in modern instruments, but Cremonese spruces exhibit unnatural elemental compositions and oxidation...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Angewandte Chemie (International ed.) 2021-08, Vol.60 (35), p.19144-19154 |
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| creator | Su, Cheng‐Kuan Chen, Szu‐Yu Chung, Jen‐Hsuan Li, Guo‐Chian Brandmair, Brigitte Huthwelker, Thomas Fulton, John L. Borca, Camelia N. Huang, Shing‐Jong Nagyvary, Joseph Tseng, Hsiao‐Han Chang, Chih‐Hui Chung, Dai‐Ting Vescovi, Rafael Tsai, Yi‐Shiuan Cai, Wenjie Lu, Bing‐Jyun Xu, Jia‐Wei Hsu, Chia‐Shuo Wu, Jun‐Jie Li, Hao‐Zhi Jheng, Yu‐Kai Lo, Sheng‐Fong Chen, Hao Ming Hsieh, Yi‐Ting Chung, Po‐Wen Chen, Chien‐Sheng Sun, Yuh‐Chang Chan, Jerry Chun Chung Tai, Hwan‐Ching |
| description | We investigated the material properties of Cremonese soundboards using a wide range of spectroscopic, microscopic, and chemical techniques. We found similar types of spruce in Cremonese soundboards as in modern instruments, but Cremonese spruces exhibit unnatural elemental compositions and oxidation patterns that suggest artificial manipulation. Combining analytical data and historical information, we may deduce the minerals being added and their potential functions—borax and metal sulfates for fungal suppression, table salt for moisture control, alum for molecular crosslinking, and potash or quicklime for alkaline treatment. The overall purpose may have been wood preservation or acoustic tuning. Hemicellulose fragmentation and altered cellulose nanostructures are observed in heavily treated Stradivari specimens, which show diminished second‐harmonic generation signals. Guarneri's practice of crosslinking wood fibers via aluminum coordination may also affect mechanical and acoustic properties. Our data suggest that old masters undertook materials engineering experiments to produce soundboards with unique properties.
ICP‐MS is used to identify the unique mineral recipe used by Antonio Stradivari to treat his spruce wood, the material for the violin top plate. Chemical manipulation led to hemicellulose fragmentation and cellulose rearrangement. Incorporating engineered wood may contribute to the unique tonal qualities of these acclaimed instruments. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/anie.202105252 |
| format | Article |
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ICP‐MS is used to identify the unique mineral recipe used by Antonio Stradivari to treat his spruce wood, the material for the violin top plate. Chemical manipulation led to hemicellulose fragmentation and cellulose rearrangement. Incorporating engineered wood may contribute to the unique tonal qualities of these acclaimed instruments.</description><edition>International ed. in English</edition><identifier>ISSN: 1433-7851</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1521-3773</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105252</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34062043</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Weinheim: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>Acoustic properties ; Alum ; Aluminum ; Borax ; Cellulose ; Crosslinking ; cultural heritage ; Fibers ; Harmonic generations ; Hemicellulose ; ICP-MS ; INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY ; IR spectroscopy ; Material properties ; Materials engineering ; MATERIALS SCIENCE ; Metal sulfates ; Minerals ; Moisture control ; NMR spectroscopy ; Oxidation ; Potash ; Potassium carbonate ; Signal generation ; Wood fibers ; X-ray absorption spectroscopy</subject><ispartof>Angewandte Chemie (International ed.), 2021-08, Vol.60 (35), p.19144-19154</ispartof><rights>2021 The Authors. 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We found similar types of spruce in Cremonese soundboards as in modern instruments, but Cremonese spruces exhibit unnatural elemental compositions and oxidation patterns that suggest artificial manipulation. Combining analytical data and historical information, we may deduce the minerals being added and their potential functions—borax and metal sulfates for fungal suppression, table salt for moisture control, alum for molecular crosslinking, and potash or quicklime for alkaline treatment. The overall purpose may have been wood preservation or acoustic tuning. Hemicellulose fragmentation and altered cellulose nanostructures are observed in heavily treated Stradivari specimens, which show diminished second‐harmonic generation signals. Guarneri's practice of crosslinking wood fibers via aluminum coordination may also affect mechanical and acoustic properties. Our data suggest that old masters undertook materials engineering experiments to produce soundboards with unique properties.
ICP‐MS is used to identify the unique mineral recipe used by Antonio Stradivari to treat his spruce wood, the material for the violin top plate. Chemical manipulation led to hemicellulose fragmentation and cellulose rearrangement. Incorporating engineered wood may contribute to the unique tonal qualities of these acclaimed instruments.</description><subject>Acoustic properties</subject><subject>Alum</subject><subject>Aluminum</subject><subject>Borax</subject><subject>Cellulose</subject><subject>Crosslinking</subject><subject>cultural heritage</subject><subject>Fibers</subject><subject>Harmonic generations</subject><subject>Hemicellulose</subject><subject>ICP-MS</subject><subject>INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY</subject><subject>IR spectroscopy</subject><subject>Material properties</subject><subject>Materials engineering</subject><subject>MATERIALS SCIENCE</subject><subject>Metal sulfates</subject><subject>Minerals</subject><subject>Moisture control</subject><subject>NMR spectroscopy</subject><subject>Oxidation</subject><subject>Potash</subject><subject>Potassium carbonate</subject><subject>Signal generation</subject><subject>Wood fibers</subject><subject>X-ray absorption 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Hwan‐Ching</au><aucorp>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Materials Engineering of Violin Soundboards by Stradivari and Guarneri</atitle><jtitle>Angewandte Chemie (International ed.)</jtitle><date>2021-08-23</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>60</volume><issue>35</issue><spage>19144</spage><epage>19154</epage><pages>19144-19154</pages><issn>1433-7851</issn><eissn>1521-3773</eissn><abstract>We investigated the material properties of Cremonese soundboards using a wide range of spectroscopic, microscopic, and chemical techniques. We found similar types of spruce in Cremonese soundboards as in modern instruments, but Cremonese spruces exhibit unnatural elemental compositions and oxidation patterns that suggest artificial manipulation. Combining analytical data and historical information, we may deduce the minerals being added and their potential functions—borax and metal sulfates for fungal suppression, table salt for moisture control, alum for molecular crosslinking, and potash or quicklime for alkaline treatment. The overall purpose may have been wood preservation or acoustic tuning. Hemicellulose fragmentation and altered cellulose nanostructures are observed in heavily treated Stradivari specimens, which show diminished second‐harmonic generation signals. Guarneri's practice of crosslinking wood fibers via aluminum coordination may also affect mechanical and acoustic properties. Our data suggest that old masters undertook materials engineering experiments to produce soundboards with unique properties.
ICP‐MS is used to identify the unique mineral recipe used by Antonio Stradivari to treat his spruce wood, the material for the violin top plate. Chemical manipulation led to hemicellulose fragmentation and cellulose rearrangement. Incorporating engineered wood may contribute to the unique tonal qualities of these acclaimed instruments.</abstract><cop>Weinheim</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>34062043</pmid><doi>10.1002/anie.202105252</doi><tpages>11</tpages><edition>International ed. in English</edition><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0668-9163</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000306689163</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Acoustic properties Alum Aluminum Borax Cellulose Crosslinking cultural heritage Fibers Harmonic generations Hemicellulose ICP-MS INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY IR spectroscopy Material properties Materials engineering MATERIALS SCIENCE Metal sulfates Minerals Moisture control NMR spectroscopy Oxidation Potash Potassium carbonate Signal generation Wood fibers X-ray absorption spectroscopy |
| title | Materials Engineering of Violin Soundboards by Stradivari and Guarneri |
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