HIV Stigma, Homophobia, Sexual and Gender Minority Community Connectedness and HIV Testing Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men and Transgender People Who Have Sex with Men in Kazakhstan
Although HIV incidence is rising among gay, bisexual, and other men (MSM) and transgender people who have sex with men (TSM) in Kazakhstan, whether stigmatizing attitudes and connectedness are associated with HIV testing in this region is not known. We analyzed data from one-time interviews with 304...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | AIDS and behavior 2021-08, Vol.25 (8), p.2568-2577 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 2577 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 8 |
| container_start_page | 2568 |
| container_title | AIDS and behavior |
| container_volume | 25 |
| creator | Paine, Emily Allen Lee, Yong Gun Vinogradov, Vitaliy Zhakupova, Gulnara Hunt, Timothy Primbetova, Sholpan Terlikbayeva, Assel El-Bassel, Nabila Wu, Elwin |
| description | Although HIV incidence is rising among gay, bisexual, and other men (MSM) and transgender people who have sex with men (TSM) in Kazakhstan, whether stigmatizing attitudes and connectedness are associated with HIV testing in this region is not known. We analyzed data from one-time interviews with 304 adult MSM and TSM conducted 2018–2019 in three cities in Kazakhstan. Logistic regression determined whether HIV stigma, internalized homophobia, sexual and gender minority (SGM) connectedness predicted HIV testing (within the lifetime, past year, and past 6 months) before and after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics. 80% of participants reported ever receiving an HIV test. Gay-identified participants reported less HIV stigma and internalized homophobia as well as greater connectedness relative to those with bisexual or other identities. In adjusted models, those who had ever tested reported lower HIV stigma (aOR 0.83, 95% CI 0.76–0.91,
P
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10461-021-03217-9 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8424652</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2544323160</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-4c6d6e3125a8c2b40b5fdc30c606e09b9d06a4c14301e00747ede1c234d6d5aa3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kstu1DAUhiMEohd4ARbIEhsWE_AtTrNBKiOYqSgqUgdYWo59ZuKS2IOdtAxPxuPhSUq5LFjYPtb5_Pucoz_LnhD8gmBcvowEc0FyTNNilJR5dS87JEXJckYLfj_FuMJ5SURxkB3FeIUxrkRZPcwOGCs5I6Q4zH4szz6hy95uOjVDS9_5beNrm-JL-DaoFiln0AKcgYDeW-eD7Xdo7rtucFPkHOgejIMYR3Yvt4LYW7dBp51P-0LtZui1jaPebIQu-mavB268rYJycTP98QH8tgX0ufFoqa5hXwW6sX0zwtahd-q7-tLEXrlH2YO1aiM8vj2Ps49v36zmy_z8YnE2Pz3PNS95n3MtjABGaKFONK05rou10QxrgQXgqq4MFoprwhkmkIbKSzBANGXcCFMoxY6zV5Pudqg7MBpcH1Qrt8F2KuykV1b-nXG2kRt_LU845aKgSeD5rUDwX4c0GtnZqKFtlQM_REkLzDgTJRMJffYPeuWH4FJ7ieKcUUYEThSdKB18jAHWd8UQLPfGkJMxZDKGHI0hq_To6Z9t3D355YQEsAmIKeU2EH7__R_ZnxcpxOM</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2544323160</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>HIV Stigma, Homophobia, Sexual and Gender Minority Community Connectedness and HIV Testing Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men and Transgender People Who Have Sex with Men in Kazakhstan</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Sociological Abstracts</source><source>SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings</source><creator>Paine, Emily Allen ; Lee, Yong Gun ; Vinogradov, Vitaliy ; Zhakupova, Gulnara ; Hunt, Timothy ; Primbetova, Sholpan ; Terlikbayeva, Assel ; El-Bassel, Nabila ; Wu, Elwin</creator><creatorcontrib>Paine, Emily Allen ; Lee, Yong Gun ; Vinogradov, Vitaliy ; Zhakupova, Gulnara ; Hunt, Timothy ; Primbetova, Sholpan ; Terlikbayeva, Assel ; El-Bassel, Nabila ; Wu, Elwin</creatorcontrib><description>Although HIV incidence is rising among gay, bisexual, and other men (MSM) and transgender people who have sex with men (TSM) in Kazakhstan, whether stigmatizing attitudes and connectedness are associated with HIV testing in this region is not known. We analyzed data from one-time interviews with 304 adult MSM and TSM conducted 2018–2019 in three cities in Kazakhstan. Logistic regression determined whether HIV stigma, internalized homophobia, sexual and gender minority (SGM) connectedness predicted HIV testing (within the lifetime, past year, and past 6 months) before and after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics. 80% of participants reported ever receiving an HIV test. Gay-identified participants reported less HIV stigma and internalized homophobia as well as greater connectedness relative to those with bisexual or other identities. In adjusted models, those who had ever tested reported lower HIV stigma (aOR 0.83, 95% CI 0.76–0.91,
P
< .001) and higher connectedness (aOR 1.17, 95% CI 1.06–1.29,
P
= .003) than those who had not; those who had ever tested reported lower internalized homophobia in the unadjusted model only (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91–0.99,
P
= .01). Similar differences and trends were found in models examining testing in the past year and past 6 months. Addressing stigmatizing attitudes and connectedness may improve uptake of HIV testing among MSM and TSM in Kazakhstan.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1090-7165</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-3254</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03217-9</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33743115</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer US</publisher><subject>Adult ; Attitudes ; Bisexuality ; Gays & lesbians ; Gender ; Health behavior ; Health Psychology ; HIV ; HIV Infections - diagnosis ; HIV Testing ; Homophobia ; Homosexuality ; Homosexuality, Male ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Humans ; Infectious Diseases ; Kazakhstan ; Male ; Medical tests ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Men ; Men who have sex with men ; Mens health ; Minority & ethnic groups ; Original Paper ; Public Health ; Sex ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexually transmitted diseases ; Social Stigma ; STD ; Stigma ; Transgender Persons</subject><ispartof>AIDS and behavior, 2021-08, Vol.25 (8), p.2568-2577</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021</rights><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-4c6d6e3125a8c2b40b5fdc30c606e09b9d06a4c14301e00747ede1c234d6d5aa3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-4c6d6e3125a8c2b40b5fdc30c606e09b9d06a4c14301e00747ede1c234d6d5aa3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-6177-2835</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10461-021-03217-9$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-021-03217-9$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27344,27924,27925,33774,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33743115$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Paine, Emily Allen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Yong Gun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vinogradov, Vitaliy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhakupova, Gulnara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hunt, Timothy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Primbetova, Sholpan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Terlikbayeva, Assel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>El-Bassel, Nabila</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Elwin</creatorcontrib><title>HIV Stigma, Homophobia, Sexual and Gender Minority Community Connectedness and HIV Testing Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men and Transgender People Who Have Sex with Men in Kazakhstan</title><title>AIDS and behavior</title><addtitle>AIDS Behav</addtitle><addtitle>AIDS Behav</addtitle><description>Although HIV incidence is rising among gay, bisexual, and other men (MSM) and transgender people who have sex with men (TSM) in Kazakhstan, whether stigmatizing attitudes and connectedness are associated with HIV testing in this region is not known. We analyzed data from one-time interviews with 304 adult MSM and TSM conducted 2018–2019 in three cities in Kazakhstan. Logistic regression determined whether HIV stigma, internalized homophobia, sexual and gender minority (SGM) connectedness predicted HIV testing (within the lifetime, past year, and past 6 months) before and after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics. 80% of participants reported ever receiving an HIV test. Gay-identified participants reported less HIV stigma and internalized homophobia as well as greater connectedness relative to those with bisexual or other identities. In adjusted models, those who had ever tested reported lower HIV stigma (aOR 0.83, 95% CI 0.76–0.91,
P
< .001) and higher connectedness (aOR 1.17, 95% CI 1.06–1.29,
P
= .003) than those who had not; those who had ever tested reported lower internalized homophobia in the unadjusted model only (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91–0.99,
P
= .01). Similar differences and trends were found in models examining testing in the past year and past 6 months. Addressing stigmatizing attitudes and connectedness may improve uptake of HIV testing among MSM and TSM in Kazakhstan.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Attitudes</subject><subject>Bisexuality</subject><subject>Gays & lesbians</subject><subject>Gender</subject><subject>Health behavior</subject><subject>Health Psychology</subject><subject>HIV</subject><subject>HIV Infections - diagnosis</subject><subject>HIV Testing</subject><subject>Homophobia</subject><subject>Homosexuality</subject><subject>Homosexuality, Male</subject><subject>Human immunodeficiency virus</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases</subject><subject>Kazakhstan</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical tests</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Men</subject><subject>Men who have sex with men</subject><subject>Mens health</subject><subject>Minority & ethnic groups</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>Public Health</subject><subject>Sex</subject><subject>Sexual and Gender Minorities</subject><subject>Sexual Behavior</subject><subject>Sexually transmitted diseases</subject><subject>Social Stigma</subject><subject>STD</subject><subject>Stigma</subject><subject>Transgender Persons</subject><issn>1090-7165</issn><issn>1573-3254</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>BHHNA</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kstu1DAUhiMEohd4ARbIEhsWE_AtTrNBKiOYqSgqUgdYWo59ZuKS2IOdtAxPxuPhSUq5LFjYPtb5_Pucoz_LnhD8gmBcvowEc0FyTNNilJR5dS87JEXJckYLfj_FuMJ5SURxkB3FeIUxrkRZPcwOGCs5I6Q4zH4szz6hy95uOjVDS9_5beNrm-JL-DaoFiln0AKcgYDeW-eD7Xdo7rtucFPkHOgejIMYR3Yvt4LYW7dBp51P-0LtZui1jaPebIQu-mavB268rYJycTP98QH8tgX0ufFoqa5hXwW6sX0zwtahd-q7-tLEXrlH2YO1aiM8vj2Ps49v36zmy_z8YnE2Pz3PNS95n3MtjABGaKFONK05rou10QxrgQXgqq4MFoprwhkmkIbKSzBANGXcCFMoxY6zV5Pudqg7MBpcH1Qrt8F2KuykV1b-nXG2kRt_LU845aKgSeD5rUDwX4c0GtnZqKFtlQM_REkLzDgTJRMJffYPeuWH4FJ7ieKcUUYEThSdKB18jAHWd8UQLPfGkJMxZDKGHI0hq_To6Z9t3D355YQEsAmIKeU2EH7__R_ZnxcpxOM</recordid><startdate>20210801</startdate><enddate>20210801</enddate><creator>Paine, Emily Allen</creator><creator>Lee, Yong Gun</creator><creator>Vinogradov, Vitaliy</creator><creator>Zhakupova, Gulnara</creator><creator>Hunt, Timothy</creator><creator>Primbetova, Sholpan</creator><creator>Terlikbayeva, Assel</creator><creator>El-Bassel, Nabila</creator><creator>Wu, Elwin</creator><general>Springer US</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>0-V</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U3</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>8AM</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ALSLI</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGRYB</scope><scope>BHHNA</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HEHIP</scope><scope>K7.</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0O</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2S</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-2835</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210801</creationdate><title>HIV Stigma, Homophobia, Sexual and Gender Minority Community Connectedness and HIV Testing Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men and Transgender People Who Have Sex with Men in Kazakhstan</title><author>Paine, Emily Allen ; Lee, Yong Gun ; Vinogradov, Vitaliy ; Zhakupova, Gulnara ; Hunt, Timothy ; Primbetova, Sholpan ; Terlikbayeva, Assel ; El-Bassel, Nabila ; Wu, Elwin</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-4c6d6e3125a8c2b40b5fdc30c606e09b9d06a4c14301e00747ede1c234d6d5aa3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Attitudes</topic><topic>Bisexuality</topic><topic>Gays & lesbians</topic><topic>Gender</topic><topic>Health behavior</topic><topic>Health Psychology</topic><topic>HIV</topic><topic>HIV Infections - diagnosis</topic><topic>HIV Testing</topic><topic>Homophobia</topic><topic>Homosexuality</topic><topic>Homosexuality, Male</topic><topic>Human immunodeficiency virus</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infectious Diseases</topic><topic>Kazakhstan</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical tests</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Men</topic><topic>Men who have sex with men</topic><topic>Mens health</topic><topic>Minority & ethnic groups</topic><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>Public Health</topic><topic>Sex</topic><topic>Sexual and Gender Minorities</topic><topic>Sexual Behavior</topic><topic>Sexually transmitted diseases</topic><topic>Social Stigma</topic><topic>STD</topic><topic>Stigma</topic><topic>Transgender Persons</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Paine, Emily Allen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Yong Gun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vinogradov, Vitaliy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhakupova, Gulnara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hunt, Timothy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Primbetova, Sholpan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Terlikbayeva, Assel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>El-Bassel, Nabila</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Elwin</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Social Services Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Criminal Justice Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Social Science Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Criminology Collection</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Sociology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Criminal Justice (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Criminal Justice Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Psychology Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Sociology Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>AIDS and behavior</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Paine, Emily Allen</au><au>Lee, Yong Gun</au><au>Vinogradov, Vitaliy</au><au>Zhakupova, Gulnara</au><au>Hunt, Timothy</au><au>Primbetova, Sholpan</au><au>Terlikbayeva, Assel</au><au>El-Bassel, Nabila</au><au>Wu, Elwin</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>HIV Stigma, Homophobia, Sexual and Gender Minority Community Connectedness and HIV Testing Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men and Transgender People Who Have Sex with Men in Kazakhstan</atitle><jtitle>AIDS and behavior</jtitle><stitle>AIDS Behav</stitle><addtitle>AIDS Behav</addtitle><date>2021-08-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>25</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>2568</spage><epage>2577</epage><pages>2568-2577</pages><issn>1090-7165</issn><eissn>1573-3254</eissn><abstract>Although HIV incidence is rising among gay, bisexual, and other men (MSM) and transgender people who have sex with men (TSM) in Kazakhstan, whether stigmatizing attitudes and connectedness are associated with HIV testing in this region is not known. We analyzed data from one-time interviews with 304 adult MSM and TSM conducted 2018–2019 in three cities in Kazakhstan. Logistic regression determined whether HIV stigma, internalized homophobia, sexual and gender minority (SGM) connectedness predicted HIV testing (within the lifetime, past year, and past 6 months) before and after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics. 80% of participants reported ever receiving an HIV test. Gay-identified participants reported less HIV stigma and internalized homophobia as well as greater connectedness relative to those with bisexual or other identities. In adjusted models, those who had ever tested reported lower HIV stigma (aOR 0.83, 95% CI 0.76–0.91,
P
< .001) and higher connectedness (aOR 1.17, 95% CI 1.06–1.29,
P
= .003) than those who had not; those who had ever tested reported lower internalized homophobia in the unadjusted model only (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91–0.99,
P
= .01). Similar differences and trends were found in models examining testing in the past year and past 6 months. Addressing stigmatizing attitudes and connectedness may improve uptake of HIV testing among MSM and TSM in Kazakhstan.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Springer US</pub><pmid>33743115</pmid><doi>10.1007/s10461-021-03217-9</doi><tpages>10</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-2835</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1090-7165 |
| ispartof | AIDS and behavior, 2021-08, Vol.25 (8), p.2568-2577 |
| issn | 1090-7165 1573-3254 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8424652 |
| source | MEDLINE; Sociological Abstracts; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | Adult Attitudes Bisexuality Gays & lesbians Gender Health behavior Health Psychology HIV HIV Infections - diagnosis HIV Testing Homophobia Homosexuality Homosexuality, Male Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Infectious Diseases Kazakhstan Male Medical tests Medicine Medicine & Public Health Men Men who have sex with men Mens health Minority & ethnic groups Original Paper Public Health Sex Sexual and Gender Minorities Sexual Behavior Sexually transmitted diseases Social Stigma STD Stigma Transgender Persons |
| title | HIV Stigma, Homophobia, Sexual and Gender Minority Community Connectedness and HIV Testing Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men and Transgender People Who Have Sex with Men in Kazakhstan |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-05T00%3A41%3A43IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=HIV%20Stigma,%20Homophobia,%20Sexual%20and%20Gender%20Minority%20Community%20Connectedness%20and%20HIV%20Testing%20Among%20Gay,%20Bisexual,%20and%20Other%20Men%20and%20Transgender%20People%20Who%20Have%20Sex%20with%20Men%20in%20Kazakhstan&rft.jtitle=AIDS%20and%20behavior&rft.au=Paine,%20Emily%20Allen&rft.date=2021-08-01&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=8&rft.spage=2568&rft.epage=2577&rft.pages=2568-2577&rft.issn=1090-7165&rft.eissn=1573-3254&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s10461-021-03217-9&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_pubme%3E2544323160%3C/proquest_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2544323160&rft_id=info:pmid/33743115&rfr_iscdi=true |